The major objective of this research paper is to assess the management effectiveness of Sheikh Badin National Park District Dera Ismail Khan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan with respect to tourist’s satisfaction. A sample size of 389 respondents (local community, wildlife staff, tourists) were selected through simple random sampling to conclude respondents’ attitude towards phenomenon investigated through three-level Likert scale as a measurement tool. Association between a dependent variable (management effectiveness) was assessed on the independent variables (tourist satisfaction) through a chi-square test. Association of management effectiveness was highly significant with tourists satisfaction from promos of park (p = 0.000), access to information (p = 0.000), roads network (p = 0.000), residential facilities (p = 0.000), trained guides (p = 0.000), safety from crimes and criminals (p = 0.000), provision of health and security services (p = 0.000), overall satisfaction of tourists (p = 0.000), recommendation of SBNP to other tourists (p = 0.000) and revisit intentions of tourists (p = 0.000). Improvement in security measures, better advertisement and improvement in park infrastructure were major recommendations considering the study.

Natural forests and abandoned agricultural lands are increasingly replaced by monospecific forest plantations that have poor capacity to support biodiversity and ecosystem services. Natural forests harbour plants belonging to different mycorrhiza types that differ in their microbiome and carbon and nutrient cycling properties. Here we describe the MycoPhylo field experiment that encompasses 116 woody plant species from three mycorrhiza types and 237 plots, with plant diversity and mycorrhiza type diversity ranging from one to four and one to three per plot, respectively. The MycoPhylo experiment enables us to test hypotheses about the plant species, species diversity, mycorrhiza type, and mycorrhiza type diversity effects and their phylogenetic context on soil microbial diversity and functioning and soil processes. Alongside with other experiments in the TreeDivNet consortium, MycoPhylo will contribute to our understanding of the tree diversity effects on soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning across biomes, especially from the mycorrhiza type and phylogenetic conservatism perspectives.

This article aims to elucidate governance primarily from the perspective of collaboration and leadership in managing disasters. This article studies the case of Indonesia, a country with frequent and complex nature of disasters, located on the Pacific Ring of Fire to analyze its disaster management system and draw out implications from its experience. The method used is a qualitative comprehensive and systematic review from national and international earthquake occurrences. The finding is that Indonesia is simultaneously carrying out disaster management which is not contradictory but complementary. The importance of collaboration is imposed and recommendations are offered on rectifying collaborative activities’ value. Modern leadership strategies suggest that acquire their power from effective strategies and transformational power rather than standard operating procedures. This paper provides lessons on how to organize earthquake management through aspects of collaboration and leadership effectively. The author suggests optimizing the potential of the community by providing special assistance to increase disaster management efforts.

In recent years, science and technology have continued to develop and progress, and the level of teaching digitalization has improved. Music education occupies an important position in many universities, and it is necessary and feasible to use digital technology to explore its impact in basic education. The digitalization and technology of music education in colleges and universities have had a positive impact on basic education, such as balancing educational resources, updating education models, optimizing teaching platforms, and practicing student-oriented concepts. In order to maximize the role of digital technology, it can be innovated and applied from sight-singing ear training teaching, orchestration course teaching, and polyphonic course teaching.

English writing is an important output skill cultivated in college English courses. And in the age of informationization, college English writing teaching relies on the support of information technology. In order to cope with the solution of this dilemma, Production-Oriented Approach(POA) proposes Teacher-Student Collaborative Assessment (TSCA), which creates a new form of assessment. Through TSCA, teachers can not only alleviate the heavy teaching load, but also fully tap the network resources to efficiently use students' time before, during and after class to maximize and optimize the teaching effect. In this paper, the teaching concept of TSCA is used to conduct writing teaching experiments, to study and analyze the writing ability of students who write effectively, so as to provide insights for the practice of English writing teaching.