Pakistan is grappling with significant economic and political challenges stemming from various factors. Positioned at the heart of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, Pakistan has been presented with a diverse array of opportunities encompassing trade, investment, energy resource development, Special Economic Zones (SEZs), the expansion of the Gwadar port, integration of its economy with neighboring nations via various connectivity projects, and the generation of employment prospects. Given the contemporary interdependence of economic performance and political stability, the potential for economic stability and the creation of opportunities through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is seen as crucial. The project helped Pakistan to attract a huge amount of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), created hundreds of thousands of jobs, significantly improved infrastructure, established nine SEZs, developed Gwadar port, increased its trade volume with China and controlled energy crisis to a significant level. Political development, stability and peace have also been positively influenced by economic development. This study aims to evaluate the impact of CPEC from both economic and political perspectives, especially as it approaches its 10th anniversary, and assess how it has shaped Pakistan’s economic and political landscapes. The forthcoming second phase of CPEC is poised to further bolster Pakistan’s economic growth, fortify industrialization through SEZs, and enhance its international trade. Additionally, the project is set to transform Pakistan into a pivotal regional trade corridor through its advanced connectivity initiatives and the development of the Gwadar port.

This study intends to explore the idea of a vocational village strategy to foster sustainable rural development. Vocational villages, offering targeted skills training and economic opportunities, present a compelling soft approach to rural development, addressing the need for sustainable livelihoods and community empowerment. Drawing upon the collaborative governance (the penta-helix model); underpinning the social capital perspective; and highlighting the economic, institutional, cultural, environmental, technological, and institutional dimensions of sustainable development, a vocational village strategy is expected to level up village capacities and facilitate modernization. The research was narratively developed through a qualitative methodology using primary and secondary data sources. Primary empirical data was employed to analyze vocational village practices in Panggungharjo Village, Yogyakarta, Indonesia as a representative example. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) framework provided secondary data to present comparative literature on vocational village development. The findings determined a four-staged vocational village model includes initiation, training, business development, and independence. The success of this model is contingent upon political, bureaucratic, and sociocultural factors (social capital), as well as the effective collaboration of government, academia, industry, and community (penta-helix). This research contributes to the urgency of vocational village practices and models as a viable strategy for achieving equitable and sustainable rural development.

This article is devoted to studying the principles of the relationship between democracy and demoethics as tools for transforming the sustainable development of society. The study is based on the assumption that the effective functioning of democracy is associated with such social phenomena as elections and electoral behavior. The study examined electoral behavior and surveyed members of society about the qualities of candidates to which they pay special attention. An analysis of qualitative and quantitative data demonstrating the democratic foundations of elections of members of society was conducted, and an analysis of the choice of voters in the extraordinary elections of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan by region was conducted. In this study, Bayesian network modeling is experimentally applied to formalize the problem of identifying and analyzing the behavior of virtuous personality traits. A sociological survey of public opinion was conducted using the questionnaire method with the participation of 826 people from all regions of Kazakhstan from May to June 2023. A questionnaire was used to collect data, the main purpose of which was to compare attitudes and find out what values are considered important for people, what norms of behavior are considered acceptable, and to understand what values and norms prevail in society. It is concluded that the concept of demoethics promotes a positive transformation of humanity and helps to form a new leader of virtue, a ruler of the city, capable of making ethical rational decisions that can ensure a balance between the economic, social, and environmental needs of humanity.

Peru is a country open to the world economy and to national and foreign investments; therefore, economic activities of an industrial, commercial and service nature in general are developed. It also has a wide variety of natural resources, which is why the state has chosen to apply differentiated treatment in the tax field to certain types of business activities by granting certain “benefits” and “incentives”. However, due to a lack of knowledge about tax legislation, they are not used adequately. In this context, the objective was to analyze the level of knowledge of the legislation, tax and its impact on the development of their operations in formal business aquaculture in the ring circumlacustrine of the region in 2021. It was developed under a descriptive correlational design with a sample of 80 circumlacustrine ring aquaculture companies. The results indicated that there is a low level of knowledge about tax legislation on the part of the owners of aquaculture companies, which negatively affects the development of their formal operations in the circumlacustrine ring of the Puno region. As a consequence, it has a negative impact on the formalization of companies since they do not know about the benefits and tax incentives and even less about the tax regimes to which they are subject as taxpayers; therefore, aquaculture companies are in the informality category in a high percentage.

 The main goal of the article is to formalize the key business models of marketing of modern companies and substantiate the key stages, types and trends of development. The relevance and need to pay significant attention to the marketing digital business model when organizing a business is substantiated. Using structural and logical analysis and criticism of scientific research, the essence, advantages and disadvantages are determined, the main blocks, stages and key elements of the structure of business models of modern companies are argued. It has been proven that marketing digital business models serve as a logical and visual plan for organizing all business processes of companies from production, marketing, sales and logistics to building a hierarchy of profitability. The key development trends are substantiated and the most popular business models of business organization in modern conditions are structured on the basis of scientific generalization, structural and logical analysis and mathematical modeling. Practical significance is characterized by the fact that the marketing business models of world-class companies are generalized and structured, taking into account their specifics and characteristics. Practical recommendations and key stages of building a company’s business model and its implementation into reality have been formed to achieve strategic business goals.

Under the background of economic globalization and the rapid development of science and technology, the development of higher education (HE) has undergone profound changes. Nowadays, in order to increase the international competitiveness, training international talents has become the primary task of universities and HE institutions. Therefore, taking Shenzhen as an example, the research takes quantitative method to study how the educational resources in the society affect the school from a macro perspective, and the micro perspective of students, teachers and schools, studying the impact on the development of universities. Through in-depth analysis of the integration of educational resources, the results show that multilingual library resource, and other three factors followed, are critical factors in the development of HE. And then, this study puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions after discussion, aiming to provide strategic insights to enhance the quality and international competitiveness of HE in the GBA, especially in the construction of multilingual library resources (MLR), international exchange platform (IEP), sufficient and diverse laboratory facilities (SDLF), and rich academic resources (RAR). Thus, the research narrows the gap in this field to some extent.