Taking Guizhou University of Commerce as an example, the author pointed out the problems in current Japanese language teaching in universities and proposed improvement measures from three aspects, aiming to explore a suitable path for Japanese language teaching in commerce colleges.

With the faster pace of China’s opening to the outside world, the contacts between Chinese enterprises and Portuguese speaking countries are becoming more and more frequent. Under this trend, how to further improve the quality of Portuguese classroom teaching is related to the development of students, enterprises and the long-term development of the whole country. This paper mainly focuses on the two aspects of “the main problems existing in Portuguese classroom teaching” and “the improvement countermeasures of Portuguese classroom teaching”. Combined with the current situation of Portuguese teaching, this paper puts forward targeted reform measures, in order to further optimize the Portuguese teaching system, with “student development”, “enterprise development” and take “national development” as the ultimate goal to cultivate a large number of high-quality Portuguese talents to the society.

Nowadays, international exchanges are becoming more and more frequent in the world. As a global language, English can establish a communication bridge between different countries and nationalities, and its importance is obvious. Since 2001, China has gradually added English education to the curriculum plan of primary schools in various regions. Later, with the deepening of the industry’s understanding of English teaching, the education reform has also followed up. It can be said that the level of educators and educates is rising spirally. However, there are still many restrictive factors in the current situation of primary school students’ learning English, among which the more prominent factors are the strength of English teachers and the evaluation mechanism for students’ learning achievements.

The PBL teaching method emphasizes using specific problems as a guide in practical application, guiding students to achieve better teaching implementation results in practice. The integration of cross-border e-commerce and English teaching is a practical English course content in the teaching of English majors. In the current stage of English course teaching, it is an important method that is innovative and targeted to improve students' English course learning effectiveness. In the specific application process, the application of PBL teaching method requires teachers to provide important support for improving the teaching effectiveness of cross-border e-commerce English courses under the PBL model by building educational and teaching training bases, actively providing sufficient practical education guidance platforms, and emphasizing the innovation and richness of teaching evaluation links.

Finding the right technique to optimize a complex problem is not an easy task. There are hundreds of methods, especially in the field of metaheuristics suitable for solving NP-hard problems. Most metaheuristic research is characterized by developing a new algorithm for a task, modifying or improving an existing technique. The overall rate of reuse of metaheuristics is small. Many problems in the field of logistics are complex and NP-hard, so metaheuristics can adequately solve them. The purpose of this paper is to promote more frequent reuse of algorithms in the field of logistics. For this, a framework is presented, where tasks are analyzed and categorized in a new way in terms of variables or based on the type of task. A lot of emphasis is placed on whether the nature of a task is discrete or continuous. Metaheuristics are also analyzed from a new approach: the focus of the study is that, based on literature, an algorithm has already effectively solved mostly discrete or continuous problems. An algorithm is not modified and adapted to a problem, but methods that provide a possible good solution for a task type are collected. A kind of reverse optimization is presented, which can help the reuse and industrial application of metaheuristics. The paper also contributes to providing proof of the difficulties in the applicability of metaheuristics. The revealed research difficulties can help improve the quality of the field and, by initiating many additional research questions, it can improve the real application of metaheuristic algorithms to specific problems. The paper helps with decision support in logistics in the selection of applied optimization methods. We tested the effectiveness of the selection method on a specific task, and it was proven that the functional structure can help the decision when choosing the appropriate algorithm.

This article addresses the complex challenge of defining the concept and principles of juvenile justice within the realm of legal science: juvenile justice is a specialized legal framework that focuses on addressing legal issues involving minors, emphasizing rehabilitation over punishment. The article explores the evolution of juvenile justice, examining its theoretical foundations, legislative developments, and practical applications across different legal systems. By dissecting various definitions and principles proposed by scholars and practitioners, this article aims to clarify the core components of juvenile justice and propose a coherent conceptual framework. This article seeks to analyze and elucidate the concept and principles of juvenile justice by examining its historical development, theoretical underpinnings, and current practices. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and comparative analysis of various legal systems, the article seeks to provide a robust framework for understanding juvenile justice, to offer clarity on “juvenile justice” definition and principles, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of juvenile justice systems and contributing to more informed policy-making and legal reform. The analysis underscores the importance of protecting minors’ rights while balancing the interests of society, thereby contributing to a more nuanced understanding of juvenile justice in contemporary legal discourse. Based on the research, it is suggested to define juvenile justice as a comprehensive system of legal norms and institutions, state and other bodies that protect the rights of minors, as well as a complex of preventive and other measures in this area.