This study investigates seismic risk and potential impacts of future earthquakes in the Sunda Strait region, known for its susceptibility to significant seismic events due to the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. The aim is to assess the likelihood of major earthquakes, estimate their impact, and propose strategies to mitigate associated risks. The research uses historical seismic data and probabilistic models to forecast earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 6.0 to 8.2 Mw. The Gutenberg-Richter model helps project potential earthquake occurrences and their impacts. The findings suggest that the probability of a major earthquake could occur as early as 2026–2027, with a more significant event estimated to likely occur around 2031. Economic estimates for a 7.8–8.2 Mw earthquake suggest potential damage of up to USD 1.255 billion with significant loss of life. The study identifies key vulnerabilities, such as inadequate building foundations and ineffective disaster management infrastructure, which could worsen the impact of future seismic events. In conclusion, the research highlights the urgent need for comprehensive seismic risk mitigation strategies. Recommendations include reinforcing infrastructure to comply with seismic standards, implementing advanced early warning systems, and enhancing public education on earthquake preparedness. Additionally, government policies must address these issues by increasing funding for disaster management, enforcing building regulations, and incorporating traditional knowledge into construction practices. These measures are essential to reducing future earthquake impacts and improving community resilience.

Families are the central nucleus of society; however, they face internal challenges that affect their functioning and stability, often manifesting in incidents of domestic and gender-based violence. The World Health Organization has classified this violence as a severe public health problem and a violation of human rights. To address this issue, the Congress of the Republic of Colombia enacted Law 2126 of 2021, introducing significant changes to the responsibilities of authorities in preventing, restoring, protecting, and repairing the rights of victims. This law provided a three-year implementation period for territorial entities, which concluded on 4 August 2023. In 2023, 119,483 cases were reported, and by June 2024, the number had reached 63,528—the highest recorded to date. This situation continued to escalate uncontrollably throughout 2024, overwhelming functional capacity and resulting in a crisis. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the guarantee of rights for victims of violence in the family context, within the competencies of Family Commissariats, as outlined in Law 2126 of 2021. The methodology focuses on analyzing academic and scientific databases, including studies and articles published in indexed journals, to evaluate government measures and describe the challenges in service provision by Family Commissariats to propose conclusions. The approach is qualitative, with a hermeneutic, documentary, legal-dogmatic orientation and anthropological contributions. The results reveal that the law’s implementation has been gradual, surpassing the established deadline. Administrative, political, and financial factors identified over the three years remain unresolved in 2024. The situation for victims of physical, psychological, economic, and sexual violence within the family context has worsened due to multicausal obstacles to accessing justice in a timely, efficient, and effective manner. Consequently, there is evidence of an exponential increase in violence, underreporting, impunity, setbacks, procedural delays, normalization of violence, and re-victimization, among other issues.

This empirical inquiry adopts the AutoRegressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to meticulously examine the multifaceted interconnections among innovation, globalization, and productivity across a diverse set of 76 nations, encompassing both developed and developing economies. The research employs rigorous econometric techniques within the ARDL framework to discern the short- and long-term effects of innovation and globalization on productivity levels. The findings underscore a robust and statistically significant association between innovation and productivity, as well as a constructive impact of globalization on enhancing productivity. The outcomes underscore the transformative potential of innovation and the facilitating role of globalization in fostering productivity growth. This empirical evidence contributes to the empirical literature by offering a refined understanding of the intricate relationships shaping productivity patterns on a global scale, emphasizing the joint influence of innovation and globalization in driving economic efficiency.

Forest ecological benefit compensation plays a promoting role in improving the enthusiasm of forest ecological builders and maintainers, maintaining the legitimate economic interests of forest owners, and coordinating the fairness between the “clear water and green mountains” protectors and the “gold and silver mountains” beneficiaries. Comprehensive combed the domestic forest ecological benefit compensation mechanism, including the compensation scope, compensation subject, compensation object, the research progress of compensation standard, summarized the forest ecosystem benefits measurement, including physical appraisal method, the value evaluation method, energy analysis method and the characteristics and application research progress of ecological model method. This paper discusses the research status and existing problems of the calculation basis of compensation standard, the origin, research emphasis and progress of forest ecological service payment abroad in recent years, and the mechanism of forest ecological service payment in many countries. Finally, some suggestions are put forward to improve the compensation mechanism of forest ecological benefits in China. On the one hand, it is necessary to broaden the source of funds through various ways of marketization and scientifically evaluate the forest ecological benefits. On the other hand, the compensation standard should be established scientifically and reasonably to achieve different compensation levels or compensation intervals.

This paper reviews and comments on the evaluation methods of the recreational value of natural landscape resources, pointing out that the current popular TCM method and CVM method both rely too much on the market prediction conclusion and cannot truly reflect the recreational value, and putting forward the idea, specific operation steps and calculation methods of evaluating the recreational value of natural landscape resources with tourism environmental capacity.