Controlling the engineering cost of hospital construction is an important indicator for measuring the comprehensive management level of hospital engineering construction, and also a major indicator of reflecting the investment efficiency of the project. It is a topic worth exploring. The level of engineering cost control in hospital project construction not only reflects the comprehensive management ability of hospital infrastructure, but also reflects the investment and social benefits of the project. It is also the key to controlling project investment and improving the efficiency of construction fund utilization. How to make reasonable use of human, material, and financial resources to achieve optimal results is the fundamental purpose of engineering cost. How to do a good job in cost control from various stages and links? This article takes the construction of Liangjiang Campus of Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children’s Hospital as an example to explore how to carry out good engineering cost control in project construction.

The purpose of this study is to develop strategies for enhancing higher and postgraduate education in Kazakhstan, with a focus on improving graduate readiness for professional roles and building predictive models to analyze and assess doctoral graduation rates in technical fields for 2023–2025. This research emphasizes a flexible framework that integrates universal competencies into engineering programs, adaptable to various institutional and national contexts. Active learning methods, including project-based tasks, problem-solving exercises, internships, and lab work, are employed to cultivate practical skills aligned with real-world engineering demands. The study also highlights the need for comprehensive assessment systems that extend beyond theoretical testing, incorporating continuous feedback and curriculum adjustments to align with labor market needs and scientific developments. Results reveal key areas for higher education reform, as outlined in Kazakhstan’s State Program for Education and Science Development (2020–2025). These include implementing a competency-based approach, optimizing interdisciplinary and practice-oriented teaching methods, and enhancing the global competitiveness of Kazakhstani universities. Additionally, through time-series analysis of doctoral graduation data, a trend model was created, showing a steady increase in graduates, tested for anomalies and trend adequacy, making it reliable for forecasting graduate numbers. The scientific significance of this work lies in its contributions to models that improve graduate training, fostering high-quality education to enhance Kazakhstani universities’ global competitiveness. By integrating AI-driven strategies and emerging technologies, the research provides an adaptive educational model to equip students with essential professional and universal competencies, essential for navigating the evolving labor market and supporting sustainable development.

This paper considers the problem of achieving plausible and effective (leading to the formation of structures similar to biological ones) conditions for modeling thermally induced prebiotic processes from the perspective of thermodynamics, thermal physics, and thermal engineering. The article’s presentation is based on the principle of transition from thermal physics and thermodynamics to thermal engineering for constructing planetary environment simulators with controlled environmental conditions. Based on the physical premises from the first parts of this comprehensive review, a conclusion is made regarding the need to consider an additional set of controlled physical parameters or additional factors influencing the models of prebiotic synthesis and formation of precellular/protocell structures implemented in planetary environment simulators and hydrothermal synthesis reactors. Non-thermal heating sources are also considered, such as radiofrequency and microwave irradiation for dielectric heating, as well as radioisotope heating in the early Earth/protoplanet conditions. The coexistence of physical and chemical pathways for heating the prebiotic environment and the feasibility of modeling this separation in planetary environment simulators and controllable climate chamber facilities are highlighted. Exothermic reactions during hydrothermal serpentinization are considered as an example of chemical heating in prebiotic environments. This can lead to the abiotic synthesis of organic matter (which correlates well with the existing hypotheses of the origin of life in alkaline hydrothermal vents, with the mineral genesis of protocells and membrane potential generation on inorganic catalytic protomembranes). Thermal proteinoids and thermal proteinoid microspheres that form on their basis are considered an example of purely organic prebiotic structures obtained via hydrothermal heating. It is demonstrated that the application of thermophysical and thermal engineering approaches to modeling prebiotic systems enables the simulation of many key cellular functions by varying the precursor medium composition and the conditions in thermal experimental setups. Protobiocatalysis and protometabolism, surface (or membrane) potential oscillations, excitability, and physical heredity (thermal fission) are observed in such structures. After addition of the genetic components, the machinery for transcription and translation of the expressed genetic code can also operate within them. The possibility of implementing such models as “hypercycle in protocells” and other proto-metabolic and protogenetic networks capable of oscillation is indicated in prebiotic system models obtained in thermally cycling experimental setups. Kompanichenko’s thermodynamic theory, which also applies to hydrothermal and volcanic conditions that can be simulated in planetary environment simulators, is considered a theoretical justification for the possibility of assembling prebiological systems under such oscillatory conditions. Thus, it becomes possible to move from formal thermodynamics for describing the origin of life to engineering thermodynamics and thermal physics, which allows for the development of experimental setups and simulation chambers for validating various models of prebiological synthesis and the formation of protobiological structures, based on thermodynamic and thermochemical criteria.