With the rising global consumer demand for green and healthy food, the tea industry is facing unprecedented competitive pressure. Therefore, how to build tea enterprises with sustainable competitiveness has become a key issue facing the industry. This paper firstly reviews the concept of traceability systems and their evolution and, based on the theory of enterprise competitive advantage, explores the influence mechanism of traceability as a strategic resource on the long-term competitiveness of tea enterprises; secondly, it analyzes the multi-dimensional role of traceability on enterprise competitiveness from five aspects, namely, quality and safety control and guarantee, brand image shaping and trust construction, market dynamics response and consumer feedback, risk response and product recall, as well as technological innovation and efficiency enhancement; finally, combined with the above analysis, this paper constructs a theoretical framework for the competitiveness of tea enterprises, integrates the impact of traceability in different dimensions, and proposes a multi-level competitiveness enhancement model. Through this framework, tea enterprises can more comprehensively understand and grasp the close relationship between traceability and the long-term competitive advantage of enterprises and then make strategic adjustments according to their own actual situation so as to realize sustainable competitiveness enhancement in the future market competition.

Political patronage has become a notable concern in the South African public sector, often compared to a new epidemic because of its adverse effects on governance and public administration. This phenomenon involves by political leaders offering rewards and appointment people for key government positions and allocating resources to them based on their political loyalty rather than their abilities and qualifications. This intensifies corruption by fostering a culture in which competence is subordinate, resulting in inadequately qualified individuals assuming key positions and receiving benefits, thereby amplifying opportunities for unethical conduct. In turn, this practice undermines the effectiveness and integrity of public sector institutions. The purpose of this article is to offer a broader analysis and implications of political patronage and how it fuels corruption and governance in the South African public sector. This article employs a secondary research method through the review of existing literature to examine the nature of political patronage, its nexus with corruption and misgovernance in the public sector, drawing reference to contemporary, renowned corruption cases. This paper submits that overcoming these challenges necessitates a holistic approach that involves the professionalization of the public sector, robust measures to combat corruption, and improved transparency. The objective is to establish and promote a public service that emphasizes competence, responsibility, and the fulfilment of governance functions in order to serve the wider interests of citizens.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of training programs on entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and the Optimism of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The research was conducted at Babakan Madang MSMEs, Bogor Regency, assisted by Human Resources Education and Training Center (P2SDM) under the Community Service Institution (LPPM) at IPB University (IPB). The sample size was set at 100 SMEs with a purposive sampling method. Data was obtained by distributing questionnaires and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of the study were as follows: 1) Reactions in the training program did not affect the ESE of MSME actors, 2) Learning in the training program affected the ESE of MSME actors, 3) Behavior in the training program did not affect the ESE of MSME actors, 4) Results in the training program does not affect the ESE of MSME actors, and 5) ESE affects the Optimism of MSME actors. The effect of ESE on the Optimism of MSME actors is greater than the effect of learning in training programs on the Optimism of MSME owners.

Sustainable development (SD) is an approach that aims to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Education for sustainable development (ESD) is a key component in achieving this goal, as it equips young people with the knowledge, skills, and values needed to make sustainable decisions. This study investigated how preschool teachers in Saudi Arabia understood (SD) and the state of (ESD) practices. A survey was used to collect data from 230 Saudi preschool teachers. The findings revealed that 90% of teachers lacked awareness regarding SD. The overall evaluation of ESD practices among participants indicated a weak subpar status, with an average score of 2.49 out of 4. Notably, in ascending order, the following three dimensions had weak mean scores: the content aspect (2.38) had the lowest score, followed by the practice aspect (2.54) and the competencies aspect (2.58). Meanwhile, the values aspect (2.63) had an average outcome. Analysing the mean scores of ESD practices based on teachers’ qualifications and school types revealed significant differences, although no variations were observed based on experience. The primary obstacle to ESD implementation in pre-schools was the lack of awareness regarding SD/ESD. The study underscores the significance of expanding teacher training to promote ESD effectively in pre-school settings. The results highlight the need for professional development opportunities to improve ESD implementation in classrooms, educate Saudi preschool teachers about SD, and create instructional materials that align with the principles of ESD.

Climate Compatible Development (CCD), which aims to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and promote economic growth while adjusting to the effects of climate change, necessitates integrated policy approaches across several sectors. However, little attention has been given to the types of institutional structures collaborating and competing in conceptualizing CCD and understanding its functioning. This paper develops and applies a qualitative analysis to determine the compatibility of national and local policies and multi-stakeholder roles with the aims of the three dimensions of CCD (development, climate adaptation, and climate mitigation) using the mangrove governance case. Results indicate that mangrove governance policies currently support shifts towards CCD, especially by national governments. The existence of Ministry of Development National Planning that play roles in formulating climate change policy and development planning in Indonesia proved beneficial for CCD attainment. However, several regulations showed that political intervention and sectoral interests were present in multilevel governance toward CCD. Institutional challenges in this context were described, particularly in the existence of a hierarchy of statutory powers in Indonesia.

The effectiveness and efficiency of e-learning system in industry significantly depend on users’ acceptance and adoption. This is specifically determined by external and internal factors represented by subjective norms (SN) and experience (XP), both believed to affect users’ perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU). Users’ acceptance of e-learning system is influenced by the immensity of region, often hampered by inadequate infrastructure support. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate behavioral intention to use e-learning in the Indonesian insurance industry by applying Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). To achieve this objective, Jabotabek and Non-Jabotabek regions were used as moderating variables in all related hypotheses. An online survey was conducted to obtain data from 800 respondents who were Indonesian insurance industry employees. Subsequently, Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to evaluate the hypotheses, and Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) to examine the role of region. The results showed that out of the seven hypotheses tested, only one was rejected. Furthermore, XP had no significant effect on PU, and the most significant correlation was found between PEOU and PU. In each relationship path model, the role of region (Jabodetabek and Non Jabodetabek) had no significant differences. These results were expected to provide valuable insights into the components of e-learning acceptability for the development of a user-friendly system in the insurance industry.