Objective: To study the changes of growth, physiological and absorption characteristics of Pinus bungeana under ozone (O₃) stress, to elucidate the correlations among the indicators, and to determine its degree of response to O₃. Methods: The growth, physiological characteristics and O₃ uptake capacity of Pinus bungeana seedlings were measured in an open-top O₃ fumigation manual control experiment with three concentration gradients (NF: normal atmospheric O₃ concentration, NF40: normal atmospheric O₃ concentration plus 40 nmlol/mol; NF80: normal atmospheric O₃ concentration plus 80 nmol/mol), and the relationships between the characteristics of Pinus bungeana under different O₃ concentrations were investigated with correlation analysis, redundancy analysis and analysis of variance. Results: (1) Plant height growth (ΔH), diameter growth at 50 cm (ΔDBH), stomatal size (S), stomatal density (M), stomatal opening (K), stomatal conductance (G_s), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (E_t), water use efficiency (WUE), maximum photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m), chlorophyll content (CHL), whole tree water consumption (W), and O₃ uptake rate () all decreased with the increase of O₃ concentration; while intercellular CO₂ concentration () and relative conductivity (L) increased with the increase of O₃ concentration; (2) growth indicators of Pinus bungeana under O₃ stress (ΔH, ΔDBH) were the most correlated with O₃ uptake status (, W), followed by photosynthetic indicators (, WUE, ,, ) and growth indicators (ΔH, ΔDBH) and stomatal characteristics (K, M, S) under O₃ stress, some physiological indicators (L, ) were relatively weakly correlated with photosynthesis (, WUE,,, ) and stomatal (K, M, S); (3) all the indicators of Pinus bungeana were significantly different under O₃ treatments of NF and NF80 (P < 0.05), ΔH, ΔDBH, M, CHL, , , W and were most significantly different under NF and NF40 treatments, and K, S, WUE, , , , L were more significantly different under NF40 and NF80 treatments. Conclusion: The experiment proved that the growth of Pinus bungeana was slowed, photosynthetic capacity was reduced, and the absorption capacity of O₃ was further reduced by long-term exposure to high concentration of O₃. The growth of Pinus bungeana was most correlated with the changes of O₃ absorption characteristics, and the stomatal characteristics were most correlated with photosynthetic physiological characteristics, and the reduction of photosynthetic capacity etc. further led to the curtailment of its growth.

The H3N2 influenza virus is spiking dramatically, which is a major concern worldwide and in India. The multifunctional hetero-trimer influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is involved in the generation of viral mRNA and is crucial for viral infectivity, which is directly related to the virus’s ability to survive. The goal of the current work was to use molecular docking to determine how the RdRP protein might be affected by powerful bioactive chemicals found in Calotropis gigantia latex. By applying CB-dock 2 analysis and 2D interactions, an in-silico docking study was conducted using a GC-FID (gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection) based composition profile. Tocospiro A (15%), Amyrin (7%), and Gombasterol A were found by GC-FID to be the main phytocompounds in the latex of Calotropis gigantia. The docking result showed that ligands were effectively bound to RdRP. According to interaction studies, RdRP/ligand complexes create hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, pi-alkyl bonds, alkyl bonds, and pi-Sigma bonds. Therefore, it was suggested that Calotropis gigantia latex may represent a possible herbal remedy to attenuate H3N2 infections based on the above findings of the fragrance profile and docking.

Zero-valent iron is a moderately reducing reagent that is both non-toxic and affordable. In the present work, iron nanoparticles were synthesized using bitter guard leaf extract (Momordica charantia L.) (BGL-Fe NP). Using leaf samples from bitter protectant extract, iron nanoparticles were synthesized with secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and polyphenols acting as capping and reducing agents. Polyphenols reduce Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ to nanovalent iron or iron nanoparticles. Iron nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing iron chloride as a precursor with bitter protective leaf extract in an alkaline environment. The obtained BGL-Fe NPs were calcined for 4 h at various temperatures of 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C. The obtained samples were coded as BGL-Fe NPs-4, BGL-Fe NPs-5, and BGL-Fe NPs-6, respectively. The synthesized BGL-Fe NPs were systematically characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV-Vis and TG-DTA analysis. The obtained BGL-Fe NPs were then used as an adsorbent to remove the aqueous solution of basic methylene blue (MB) dye. MB concentration was monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopy.

The objective of this study was to develop a model based on fuzzy rules to evaluate the effects caused by varying the dosages of two soil fertilizers (mineral and organic) on root diameter. Fuzzy logic is a method that presents a language, more appropriate to day-to-day life, as the sky is a bit cloudy. For the input variables of this system the mineral and an organic fertilizer were used, for the output the root diameter, in cm. After optimization of the input rules, it can be seen that for the application of the fertilizers (mineral and organic) the best dosages were from 15 to 60 and 20 to 60 g·m^-2, respectively. With this application of fuzzy rules in real data, it is possible to take these benefits to those involved in the production chain of radish, resulting in a reduction in the dosages of products and improving its final profitability.