Kinnow production is hampered due to the lack of micronutrient applications such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn), which play a significant role in the metabolic activities of the plant, affecting yield and quality. The farmers of the region use mineral micronutrient fertilizers, but it leads to phytotoxicity due to unoptimized fertilizer application dose. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to optimize the Zn, Mn, and Fe minerals dose as tank mix foliar application for improvement of fruit yield, quality, and uptake of nutrients. The twelve combinations of different doses of zinc sulphate, manganese sulphate, and ferrous sulphate fertilizers replicated three times were tested at kinnow orchards established at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bathinda, Punjab, India. The data revealed that the fruit drop was significantly low in the treatment F₁₂ (43.4%) (tank mix spray of 0.3% ZnSO₄ + 0.2% MnSO₄ + 0.1% FeSO₄ ) compared to control treatment. The fruit yield per tree was significantly higher in the treatment F12 compared to untreated control. The juice percentage was also recorded higher in treatment F12 as compared to control, and the juice percentage improved by 2.6%. The leaf nutrient analysis also revealed translocation of higher amount of nutrient from leaf to fruit under optimized supply of micronutrient. Thus, the application of tank mix spray of 0.3% ZnSO₄ + 0.2% MnSO₄ + 0.1% FeSO₄ may be used for better fruit yield and quality.

Climate change is occurring more quickly and has more complex effects than expected. The well-being of populations in general and financial resources have been impacted by climate change in recent years. Children, pregnant women and the elderly bear the brunt of the impacts caused by climate-related risks. This research aims to assess the perceptions of health personnel and clients on climate change as well as these impacts in the Greater Lomé health region in Togo. Furthermore, this research examines the differences between the perceptions of caregivers, patients and scientific observations in this area. Based on field observations, an interview guide and a questionnaire, the information collected shows that nearly 75.95% of those questioned perceived climate change, particularly in the form of an increase in precipitation concentrated on a cost duration causing floods and the scarcity of rain at the end of the year leading to droughts. More than 25.40% and 61.86% respectively perceive that droughts and floods impact their livelihoods, but do not fully understand the causes. The results are useful for planning useful actions to facilitate the management of climate-related risks in health establishments in the Greater Lomé health region. It is therefore important to carry out awareness campaigns, train stakeholders and take necessary measures to make health systems resilient.

This study explored how facilitation skills—defined as instructional techniques that accurately convey core messages in a trusting relationship and encourage self-directed learning participation among adult learners—affect the effectiveness of learning. The research focused on adult learners enrolled in lifelong education programs at seven universities, including general and vocational colleges in Busan. It aimed to examine the relationships between instructors’ facilitation skills, learner engagement, and learning outcomes, as well as the mediating effect of engagement on these relationships. A total of 213 valid survey responses were analyzed from an initial 215 responses, excluding 2 unsuitable entries. The findings are summarized as follows. First, facilitation skills were found to partially influence learner engagement. Second, learner engagement was shown to affect learning outcomes. Third, facilitation skills were found to have a partial effect on learning outcomes. Fourth, learner engagement partially mediated the relationship between facilitation skills and learning outcomes. Based on these results, this study is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between facilitation skills and learning outcomes in adult learners, providing practical guidelines for enhancing effectiveness in various educational contexts.