The financial inclusion program in Asia has begun to be carried out intensively, focusing on increasing public access, especially for people who have yet to enjoy banking services. This makes financial inclusion one of the development focuses in the financial sector in various countries, especially in the Asian region. This study compares the financial inclusion level and socioeconomic variables’ influence on financial inclusion in Asian countries in 2010–2022. To compare the level of financial inclusion in several Asian countries, the Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) analysis method was used, while to examine the relationship between socioeconomic variables on financial inclusion, the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method was used with an estimation technique, in the Fixed Effects Model approach. The results of this study indicate that, in general, financial inclusion in several Asian countries is mainly influenced by the usability dimension. In addition, only the variable GDP per capita is partially influential. While other variables, namely, the unemployment rate and population in rural areas, significantly influence the financial inclusion index.

The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between open government and municipal effectiveness State a region of the Peruvian jungle. The research followed a quantitative approach with a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational design. The population comprised citizens of State in a region of the Peruvian jungle, with a sample of 625 individuals. A structured survey was employed as the data collection technique, using a validated questionnaire as the instrument. The results revealed a positive, high, and significant correlation between governance and municipal effectiveness (Spearman’s Rho = 0.813, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the dimensions of transparency, integrity, accountability, and citizen participation showed moderate to high correlations with municipal effectiveness, with accountability (Rho = 0.779) emerging as the most influential dimension. It was concluded that the principles of open government play a crucial role in shaping the perception of effective municipal management. This underscores the need to strengthen transparency, integrity, and citizen participation policies to enhance public services and foster trust in local authorities.

The present study aimed to delineate subsurface features and identify prospective metallic mineral deposits in the Adıyaman-Besni area, situated within the Southeastern Anatolian Thrust Belt of Turkey. This region, characterized by ophiolitic mélanges and volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits in its geological framework, possesses significant mineralization potential, encompassing copper, lead, and various other sulfide minerals. Utilizing the combined methodologies of Induced Polarization (IP) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), a comprehensive electrical mapping of the subsurface structures was conducted, revealing that mineralized zones had low resistivity and high chargeability. The findings indicate that the combined use of IP and ERT techniques yields excellent precision in accurately delineating the features of sulfide mineralization and the peripheries of mineral deposits. This study offers fundamental data for the economic assessment of prospective mineral deposits in the Adıyaman-Besni region and underscores the benefits of IP and ERT techniques in subsurface mapping and mineralization delineation investigations. The mineralized zone has low resistivity (< 50 ohm-m) and strong chargeability (> 30 ms), according to geophysical tests. It also offers a methodological framework for subsequent mineral exploration research in analogous geological formations.

This study critically examines the implications of international transport corridor projects for Central Asian countries, focusing on the Western-backed Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia (TRACECA), the Chinese initiative “One Belt—One Road”, and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) supported by the Russian Federation, India, and Iran. The analysis underscores the risks associated with Western projects, highlighting a need for a more explicit commitment to substantial infrastructure investments and persistent contradictions among key investors and beneficiaries. While the Chinese initiative presents significant benefits such as transit participation, infrastructure development, and economic investments, it also carries risks, notably an increased debt burden and potential monopolization by Chinese corporations. The study emphasizes that Central Asian countries, though indirect beneficiaries of INSTC, may not be directly involved due to geographical constraints. Study findings advocate for Central Asian nations to balance foreign investments, promote economic integration, and safeguard political and economic sovereignty. The study underscores the region’s wealth of natural and human resources, emphasizing the potential for increased demand for goods and services with improved living standards, strategically positioning these countries in the evolving global economic landscape.

The article examines the current state of fertility processes in Kazakhstan, the diversity of reproductive scenarios, and the reasons for their formation. The authors proceed by analysing the sovereign demographic system formed in Kazakhstan in the first quarter of the 21st century based on the Kazakh ethnic group. Cluster analysis was performed for demographic zones, considering indicators such as the proportion of Kazakhs in the urban population and the total fertility rate in cities. We believe that case technology allows us to demonstrate the differences in the reproductive attitudes and behaviour of urban Kazakhs, ultimately determining the trends in reproductive processes in the country. The focus is given to the socio-cultural and socio-economic differences across the regions of Kazakhstan and their impact on fertility processes in the context of the accelerated urbanisation of Kazakhs. The main variants of adaptation of the reproductive behaviour of Kazakhs to new urban living conditions are described, and an assumption is made about further prospects for maintaining or changing birth rates in Kazakhstan.