A large number of people of the fringe areas of Sundarban enter into the forests every year and encounter with the tigers simply for their livelihood. This study attempts to examine the extent and impact of human-animal conflicts in the Sundarban Reserve Forest (SRF) area in West Bengal, India. An intensive study of the data of the victims (both death and injury) between 1999 and 2014 reveals that, fishermen crab collector, honey collectors and woodcutters are generally victimized by the tiger attack. Pre monsoon period (April to June) and early winter period (Jan to March) are noted for the two-peak periods for casualties. Maximum casualty occurs between 8-10 am, and 2-4 pm. Jhilla (21.1%), Pirkhali (19.72 %), Chandkhali (11.72%), and Arbesi (9.35%) are the four most vulnerable forest blocks accounting more than 60 per cent occurrence of incidences. 67.24 per cent of the tiger attack victims were residents of Gosaba followed by Hingalganja (15%) and Basanti, (9.76%). The vulnerability rating puts the risk of tiger attack to 0.88 for every 10,000 residents of Gosaba block followed by 0.33 at Hingalganj Block and 0.11 at Bansanti Block. The majority of the victims (68%) were found to be males, aged between 30 and 50 years.

The current study provides a comprehensive analysis of MHD hybrid nanofluids and stagnation point flow toward a porous stretched cylinder in the presence of thermal radiation. Here, alumina (Al₂O₃) and copper (Cu) are considered the hybrid nanoparticles, while water (H₂O) is the base fluid. To begin, the required similarity transformations are applied to transform the nonlinear coupled PDEs into nonlinear coupled ODEs. The obtained highly nonlinear sets of ODEs are then solved analytically by using the HAM procedure. The calculations of the thermal radiation term in the energy equation are done based on the Roseland approximation. The result of various embedded variables on temperature and velocity profiles is drawn and explained briefly. Aside from that, the numerical solution of well-known physical quantities, like skin friction and the Nusselt number, is computed by means of tables for the modification of the relevant parameter. The analysis shows that the magnetic field has opposite behavior on θ(η) and f'(η) profiles. It is seen that more magnetic factors M decline f'(η) and upsurge θ(η). Moreover, the behavior of skin friction and the Nusselt number are the same for the magnetic parameter M. Meanwhile, a higher Reynolds number R_e declines temperature profile and skin friction while upsurging the local Nusselt number. There are many applications of this study that are not limited to engineering and manufacturing, such as polymer industry, crystal growth, tumor therapy, plasma, fusing metal in electric heaters, nuclear reactors, asthma treatment, gastric medication, cooling of atomic systems, electrolytic biomedicine, helical coil heat exchangers, axial fan design, polymer industry, plane counter jets, and solar collectors.

The physical-mechanical characteristics of leather are crucial in the tanning industry since they determine whether the leather satisfies quality standards for various product manufacture. This study's goal was to assess the physical-mechanical characteristics of leather that could be washed and used for garments after the Zetestan-GF polymer was added during the tanning process. The data gathered from the physical-mechanical analysis of two treatments—one a control with white leather (T1) and the other with leather treated with Zetestan-GF polymer (T2)—were compared for the development of this work. Each treatment was performed in triplicate, undergoing three washes, yielding a total of 24 samples for analysis. Following the acquisition of the leather, a control was applied and the various treatments were compared. SAS software version 9.0 was utilized for the data's statistical analysis. The physical-mechanical properties of the control leather and the leather treated with Zetestan-GF polymer were compared using a one-way ANOVA, and any differences in the means (p < 0.05) were assessed using the Tukey test. The findings showed that while the polymer's application during the tanning process affects the parameters of softness, tensile strength, elongation percentage, and dry and wet flexometry, it has no effect on the lastometry parameter. In conclusion, the physical-mechanical characteristics of the product made by tanning cow hides can be greatly impacted by the inclusion of a polymer.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are mostly presented as a means to introduce efficient procurement methods and better value for money to taxpayers. However, the complexity of the PPP mechanism, their lack of transparency, accounting rules and implicit liabilities make it often impossible to perceive the amount of public expenditure involved and the long-run impact on taxpayers, providing room for fiscal illusion, i.e., the illusion that PPPs are much less expensive than traditional public investments. This psaper, thanks to a systematic review of the literature on the EU countries experience, tries to unveil the sources of this illusion by looking at the reasons behind the PPPs’ choice, their real costs, and the sources of fiscal risks. The literature suggests that PPPs are more costly than public funding, especially when contingent liabilities are not taken into account, and are employed as mechanisms to circumvent budgetary restrictions and to spend off-balance. The paper concludes that the public sector should share more risks with private sectors by reducing the amount of guarantees, and should prevent governments from operating through a sleight of hand that deflects attention away from off-balance financing, by applying a neutral fiscal recording system.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly restricted household resilience, particularly in developing countries. The study investigates the correlation between livelihood capital and household resilience amid uncertainties due to the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically in Bekasi Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Livelihood capital encompasses social, human, natural, physical, and financial, which are crucial in shaping household resilience. This study used the SEM-PLS method and utilized a survey of 120 respondents (household heads) from four villages in two districts (Muaragembong and South Tambun) in Bekasi Regency to identify critical factors that either enhance or impede rural household resilience during and after the pandemic. Findings reveal that households possessing human capital, financial capital, and empowerment are more adept at navigating socioeconomic difficulties during and after the pandemic. However, this research stated that trust and social networks enhance household resilience during the pandemic, whereas social norms are crucial for rebuilding household resilience in the post-pandemic phase. The finding revealed that social cohesion adversely affected household resilience during and after the pandemic, while trust diminished household resilience in the post-pandemic COVID-19 phase. These findings offer insight to policymakers, scholars, and other stakeholders aiming to foster household resilience during and in recovery efforts after the pandemic.

This paper aims to develop a holistic framework for the Maqasid al-Shariah in Responsible Investment (MSRI) index for selected publicly listed companies in the Malaysian capital market. To test the validity of the MSRI framework, a sample of 30 publicly listed companies from 2021 was selected using purposive sampling. The framework consists of eight themes with forty-five elements to evaluate companies based on their annual reports, sustainability reports, and public disclosures. The scores are classified into three categories: Shariah compliant, Shariah non-compliant, and Hajiyyat. Out of the 30 selected companies, the summary of MSRI scores concludes that twenty (20) companies were identified as Shariah compliant, while the remaining four (4) were classified as Shariah non-compliant, and six (6) as Hajiyyat. Overall, the results of the analyses show that the sustainability of the company and society has a higher percentage than the wealth preservation of companies. This research differs substantially from prior work by offering a novel approach that develops a holistic framework integrating Maqasid al-Shariah with elements of responsible investment. This study believes it can provide valuable guidance for formulating Islamic investment public policy for selected investment portfolios.