With the continuous deepening of education and teaching reform and the rapid development of information technology, more and more educators have paid attention to the effectiveness of computer teaching in universities, and university teachers have included it in the key topics of educational and teaching activity design. The cooperative teaching model stands out among numerous teaching models with its unique advantages, and has been applied by many teachers in the classroom teaching process, playing an important role in promoting the improvement of teaching efficiency. Teachers of computer science in universities should continue to explore effective teaching methods, accelerate the process of organic integration of cooperative teaching models and classroom teaching content, in order to deepen the understanding and cognition of computer knowledge among more students and promote their comprehensive development. This article will study the application strategies of cooperative teaching mode in computer teaching in universities.

To evaluate the efficiency of decision-making units, researchers continually develop models simulating the production process of organizations. This study formulates a network model integrating undesirable outputs to measure the efficiency of Vietnam’s banking industry. Employing methodologies from the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach, the efficiency scores for these banks are subsequently computed and comparatively analyzed. The empirical results indicate that the incorporation of undesirable output variables in the efficiency evaluation model leads to significantly lower efficiency scores compared to the conventional DEA model. In practical terms, the study unveils a deterioration in the efficiency of banking operations in Vietnam during the post-Covid era, primarily attributed to deficiencies in credit risk management. These findings contribute to heightening awareness among bank managers regarding the pivotal importance of credit management activities.

This study explored how facilitation skills—defined as instructional techniques that accurately convey core messages in a trusting relationship and encourage self-directed learning participation among adult learners—affect the effectiveness of learning. The research focused on adult learners enrolled in lifelong education programs at seven universities, including general and vocational colleges in Busan. It aimed to examine the relationships between instructors’ facilitation skills, learner engagement, and learning outcomes, as well as the mediating effect of engagement on these relationships. A total of 213 valid survey responses were analyzed from an initial 215 responses, excluding 2 unsuitable entries. The findings are summarized as follows. First, facilitation skills were found to partially influence learner engagement. Second, learner engagement was shown to affect learning outcomes. Third, facilitation skills were found to have a partial effect on learning outcomes. Fourth, learner engagement partially mediated the relationship between facilitation skills and learning outcomes. Based on these results, this study is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between facilitation skills and learning outcomes in adult learners, providing practical guidelines for enhancing effectiveness in various educational contexts.

In the context of globalization and urbanization, rural development faces many challenges, such as population loss and uneven distribution of resources. This paper analyzes the similarities and differences in sustainable rural development strategies between China and Europe through a comparative perspective. China has optimized land use by relying on land policy innovations, such as the household contract responsibility system and the “separation of three rights”, as well as the construction of small towns; while Europe focuses on private ownership and market mechanisms, and supports agricultural and rural development through the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Using literature review, comparative research and policy analysis, the study shows that the policy innovations in China and Europe, each with its own focus, have been effective in promoting agricultural output and rural social development. Particularly noteworthy is that the “three rights” policy has increased agricultural productivity through the liberalization of management rights, while the European CAP has contributed to the diversification of the rural economy and environmental protection through continuous reforms. This study emphasizes that through policy innovation and international cooperation, combining the strengths of China and Europe, it is possible to provide a new model of sustainable development for the global countryside. Specifically, through the establishment of Sino-European R&D centers for agricultural science and technology, exchange of talents, and cooperation in green infrastructure development, technology transfer and application can be accelerated, cultural exchange and understanding can be promoted, and the sustainable development agenda for global rural areas can be jointly advanced.

Lifelong learning is the core content of university education work in the new period, and it is also the basic task of education work in colleges and universities. The second classroom is a kind of organized and planned educational and practical activities aiming at cultivating students' extracurricular ability and comprehensive quality. In the context of the new era, emphasizing and strengthening the construction of the second classroom in colleges and universities is an inevitable requirement for improving the quality of ideological and political education in colleges and universities. At present, there are still some problems in the moral education of the second classroom in colleges and universities in China. In order to enhance the effect of moral education in the second classroom of colleges and universities in the context of the new era, it is necessary to make a clear target positioning of the moral education of the second classroom, improve the process between the second classroom and the first classroom, and establish a three-dimensional system of moral education in the second classroom, so as to enhance its infectious and persuasive power.