This study investigated the influence of infrastructure spending, government debt, and inflation on GDP in South Africa from 1995 to 2023. Motivated by the need for sustainable growth amid fiscal and inflationary pressures, this research addresses gaps in understanding how these factors shape economic performance. The primary objective was to assess these variables’ individual and combined effects on GDP and offer policy recommendations. Using an ARDL model, the study explored long- and short-term relationships among the variables. Results indicate that infrastructure spending positively impacts GDP, promoting long-term growth, while government debt hinders GDP in both short and long runs. Moderate inflation supports growth, but excessive inflation poses risks. These findings imply the need for targeted infrastructure investments, strict debt management practices, and inflation control measures to sustain economic stability and growth. Policy recommendations include expanding public investment in productive infrastructure, implementing fiscal rules to prevent unsustainable debt levels, and maintaining inflation within a controlled range. Ultimately, these policies could help South Africa build a resilient, balanced economy that addresses both immediate growth needs and long-term stability.

Taking Xinjiang Agricultural University as an example, based on Rain Classroom and Dingding platform, the linear algebra course changes the current situation of "emphasizing theory and ignoring application" in traditional mathematics classrooms, adding applied teaching cases with the background of industry and agriculture, using online and offline The blended teaching mode, through inquiry-based and case-based teaching methods and students' autonomous learning and discussion methods, develops from a teaching mode focusing on "teaching" to focusing on "learning". The teaching mode has been comprehensively reformed, and satisfactory results have been achieved.

Ecological beauty not only means the beauty of nature, but also refers to the balance between living things on earth. Ecological aesthetic education takes the holistic ecological view as the philosophical basis, advocating appreciating nature and caring about life with an aesthetic attitude, realizing the coexistence of man and nature, and promoting the harmonious development of man and society. In view of this, the current school ecological aesthetic education should deepen the integration of large and small ecological aesthetic education discipline system construction, improve the comprehensive quality of ecological aesthetic education teachers, combine social aesthetic education to enrich ecological aesthetic education extracurricular practice, and train new people for the construction of Chinese modern ecological civilization.

E-cigarettes pose a significant public health concern, particularly for youth and young adults. Policymaking in this area is complicated by changing consumption patterns, diverse user demographics, and dynamic online and offline communities. This study uses social network analytics to examine the social dynamics and communication patterns related to e-cigarette use. We analyzed data from various social media platforms, forums, and online communities, which included both advocacy for e-cigarettes as a safer smoking alternative and opposition due to health risks. Our findings inform targeted healthcare policy interventions, such as educational campaigns tailored to specific network clusters, regulations based on user interaction and influence patterns, and collaborations with key influencers to spread accurate health information.

Despite the apparent agreement today on the concept of sustainability, the means to achieve it holistically are still controversial. “Just sustainability” concept has recently gained traction, casting doubt on whether sustainability can be attained under capitalism. On the social level, many recent urban studies have been concerned with the concept of social justice and the distribution of resources and wealth as a means to achieving socially equitable sustainability. In this regard, a few questions are brought up: can social sustainability be achieved under capitalism? Are Islamic built environments a viable alternative? Many contemporary studies have described Islamic built environments as sustainable and strived for defining their sustainability criteria. However, they mostly focused on the built environment’s physical environmental aspects without relating them to the socio-economic spheres. Using the concepts of power and rights as key analytical tools, the paper examines a few capitalist utopian reform approaches and compares them in terms of their ability to achieve just sustainability with Islamic built environments. Several examples from primary Islamic history books will be used to examine Islamic built environments. It is concluded that Islamic built environments have attained the just sustainability that contemporary reform approaches sought to accomplish.