Physical sampling of water on site is necessary for various applications like drinking water quality checking in lakes and checking for contaminants in freshwater systems. The use of water surface vehicles is a promising technology for monitoring and sampling water bodies, and they offer several advantages over traditional monitoring methods. This project involved designing and integrating a drone controller, water collection sampling contraption unit, and a surveillance camera system into a water surface vehicle (WSV). The drone controller unit is used to operate the boat from the starting location until the location of interest and then back to the starting location. The drone controller has an autopilot system where the operator can set a course and be able to travel following the path set, whereas the WSV will fight the external forces to keep itself in the right position. The water collection sampling unit is mounted onto WSV so when it travels to the location, it can start collecting and holding water samples until it returns to the start location. The field of view (FOV) surveillance camera helps the operator to observe the surrounding location during the operation. Experiments were conducted to determine the operational capabilities of the robot boat at the Ayer Keroh Lake. The water collection sampling contraption unit collected samples from 44 targeted areas of the lake. The comprehensive examination of 14 different water quality parameters were tested from the collected water samples provides insights into the factors influencing the pollution and observation of water bodies. The successful design and development of a water surface surveillance and pollution tracking vehicle marks the key achievements of this study. The developed collection and surveillance unit holds the potential for further refinement and integration onto various other platforms. They are offering valuable assistance in water body management, coastal surveillance, and pollution tracking. This system opens up new possibilities for comprehensive water body assessments, contributing to the advancement of sustainable and efficient water testing. Through careful sampling efforts, a thorough overview of the substances presents in the water collected from Ayer Keroh Lake has been compiled. This in-depth analysis provides important insights into the lake’s current condition, offering valuable information about its ecological health.

With the development and reform of education, the cultivation of core competencies for normal school students is receiving increasing attention. This article analyzes the connotation of the core literacy of preschool education teacher students, the difficulties faced in cultivating core literacy, and explores how to use flipped classrooms to enhance the core literacy of preschool education teacher students.

The six core competencies of mathematics in vocational schools are becoming increasingly important in mathematics learning. The reverse teaching design of vocational school mathematics, which focuses on core competencies, precisely grasps the internal logic of knowledge from a holistic perspective, and designs it on a unit by unit basis. The design process is to infer the starting point from the endpoint. Therefore, how to use reverse thinking in teaching design research in vocational school mathematics teaching under the background of core competencies will be the main content of this article.

Contract workers are the direct victims of casualization but beyond that, the effects they suffer transcend to their families and the larger society. The study examined the effects of casualization on the contract workers of banks in Sokoto, Nigeria. The primary methods of gathering data for the study were in-depth and key informant interviews, with sixty individuals who were specifically chosen. Following content analysis, the gathered data were presented narratively with verbatim quotations. According to the study, there are a number of negative effects of casualization, such as low wages that contribute to a low standard of living and the inability of employees and their families to adequately meet their basic needs, the arbitrary termination of casual employees without cause, and the lack of a claim for work-related injuries or diseases in the event of an accident or death. The overall inference is that the temporary employees are working in appallingly subpar conditions. The study suggests that in order to raise the living standards of their temporary employees, banks should provide welfare packages. Additionally, because inflation is on the rise, contract employees’ compensation should be reviewed upward.

This study analyses the long-run relationship between, and the direction and magnitude of impact of sectoral economic growth and fiscal capacity on government health expenditure. The study was carried out to validates the Wagner hypothesis from sectoral perspective and revenue-expenditure hypothesis for South Africa for the period 1984–2020. Fully modified least squares and dynamic least squares and canonical cointegration regression were used to achieve the objectives of the study. Empirical regression results showed that there is a negative impact of the secondary sector GDP on public health expenditure. Thus, invalidating the Wagner hypothesis and suggesting that secondary sector GDP cannot serves as an answer for public health expenditure. However, there was a positive relationship between tertiary sector GDP and public health expenditure. The study make case for unceasing provision of an enabling environment that continuously support growth of the tertiary sector.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shifted education from traditional in-person classes to remote, online-dependent learning, often resulting in reduced learning effectiveness and satisfaction due to limited face-to-face interaction. To address these challenges, interactive teaching strategies, such as the flipped classroom approach, have gained attention. The flipped classroom model emphasizes individual preparation outside class and collaborative learning during class time, relying heavily on in-person interactions. To adapt this method to remote learning, the Remote Flipped Classroom (RFC) integrates the flipped classroom approach with online learning, allowing flexibility while maintaining interactive opportunities. RFC has incorporated short films as teaching tools, leveraging their ability to contextualize knowledge and cater to the preferences of visually-driven younger learners. However, research on the effectiveness of RFC with films remains limited, particularly in fields like nursing education, where practical engagement is crucial. This article shares the practical experience of applying RFC with films in a nursing education context. Positive feedback was observed, though many students still expressed a preference for in-person classes. These insights suggest that strategies like RFC with films could be valuable in maintaining engagement and learning efficiency in remote classrooms.