Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 50(2), 179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Alkaabi, K., & Senghore, S. (2024). Student entrepreneurship competency and mindset: Examining the influence of education, role models, and gender. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. 13(1), 36.
Audet, J. (2000). Evaluation of two approaches to entrepreneurial education using an intentions based model of venture creation. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal. 6(1), 57–61.
Barba-Sánchez, V., Mitre-Aranda, M., & del Brío-González, J. (2022). The entrepreneurial intention of university students: An environmental perspective. European research on management and business economics. 28(2), 100184. doi: 10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.1001
Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1997). The myth of the generic manager: New personal competencies for new management roles. California Management Review. 40(1), 92–116. doi: 10.2307/41165924
Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K. G. (2001). A multidimensional model of venture growth. Academy of Management Journal. 44(2), 292–303. doi: 10.5465/3069456
Berggren, E. (2021). Students in academic entrepreneurship: entrepreneurship education and key actors facilitating student start-ups in the University context [PhD thesis]. Halmstad University.
Bhinder, H. S., & Kaur, G. (2025). Exploring the relationship between antecedents of entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial intention of university students pursuing technical education. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research. 15(1), 1. doi: 1
Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review. 13(3), 442–453. doi: 10.5465/amr.1988.4306970
Bird, B. (1995). Towards a theory of entrepreneurial competency. In Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth (pp. xx–xx). JAI Press.
Brown, R. (1990). Encouraging enterprise: Britain’s graduate enterprise program. Journal of Small Business Management. 28(10), 71–80.
Bygrave, W. D. (1989). The entrepreneurship paradigm (I): A philosophical look at its research methodologies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 14(1), 7–26.
Bygrave, W. D. (1993). Theory building in the entrepreneurship paradigm. Journal of Business Venturing. 8(3), 255–280. doi: 10.1016/0883-9026(93)90031-Y
Bygrave, W. D., & Zacharakis, A. (2004). The portable MBA in entrepreneurship (3rd ed.). Wiley & Sons.
Carpenter, A., & Wilson, R. (2022). A systematic review looking at the effect of entrepreneurship education on higher education student. The International Journal of Management Education. 20(2), 100541. doi: 10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100541
Chandler, G. N., & Jansen, E. (1992). The founder’s self-assessed competence and venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing. 7(3), 223–236. doi: 10.1016/0883-9026(92)90028-P
Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Sharma, P. (1998). Important attributes of successors in family businesses: An exploratory study. Family Business Review. 11(1), 19–34. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6248.1998.00019.x
Clark, B. W., Davis, C. H., & Harnish, V. C. (1984). Do courses in entrepreneurship aid in new venture creation? Journal of Small Business Management. 2, 26–31.
Cooper, A. C. (2013). Spin-offs and technical entrepreneurship. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 18(1), 2–6. doi: 10.1109/TEM.1971.6447118
Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management. 34(3), 42–49.
D’Intino, R. S., Goldsby, M. G., Houghton, J. D., & Neck, C. P. (2007). Self-leadership: A process for entrepreneurial success. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13(4), 105–120. doi: 10.1177/10717919070130040101
Danneels, E. (2002). The dynamics of product innovation and firm competences. Strategic Management Journal. 23(12), 1095–1121. doi: 10.1002/smj.275
Donaldson, C., Villagrasa, J., & Neck, H. (2024). The impact of an entrepreneurial ecosystem on student entrepreneurship financing: a signaling perspective. Venture Capital. 26(4), 431-466. doi: 10.1080/13691066.2023.2221392
Drucker, P. F. (1995). Innovation and entrepreneurship. Heinemann.
Eesley, C. E., & Lee, Y. S. (2021). Do university entrepreneurship programs promote entrepreneurship?. Strategic Management Journal. 42(4), 833-861. doi: 10.1002/smj.3246
Egwakhe, A. J., Abdullahi, A. O., Akande, F. I., & Umukoro, E. J. (2022). Entrepreneurship Education and Business Startup Performance: Are Personal Characteristics a Growth-Catalyst. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Scienc
Faeni, D. P., Puspitaningtyas Faeni, R., Alden Riyadh, H., & Yuliansyah, Y. (2023). The COVID-19 pandemic impact on the global tourism industry SMEs: a human capital development perspective. Review of International Business and Strategy. 33(2), 317-327. d
Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2008). From craft to science: Teaching models and learning processes in entrepreneurship education. Journal of European Industrial Training. 32(7), 569–593. doi: 10.1108/03090590810899838
Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2015). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention: Hysteresis and persistence. Journal of Small Business Management. 53(1), 75–93. doi: 10.1111/jsbm.12065
Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Effect and counter-effect of entrepreneurship education and social context on students’ intentions. Estudios de Economia Aplicada. 24(2), 509–523.
Ferreras-Garcia, R., Sales-Zaguirre, J., & Serradell-López, E. (2021). Developing entrepreneurial competencies in higher education: a structural model approach. Education+ Training. 63(5), 720-743. doi: 10.1108/ET-09-2020-0257
Ghina, A. (2014). Effectiveness of entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 115, 332–345. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.440
Gibb, A. A. (2002). In pursuit of a new ‘enterprise’ and ‘entrepreneurship’ paradigm for learning: Creative destruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge. International Journal of Management Reviews. 4(3), 233–269. do
Gnyawali, D. R., & Fogel, D. S. (1994). Environments for entrepreneurship development: Key dimensions and research implications. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 18(1), 43–62.
González-López, M. J., Pérez-López, M. C., & Rodríguez-Ariza, L. (2021). From potential to early nascent entrepreneurship: the role of entrepreneurial competencies. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. 17(3), 1387-1417. doi: 10.1007/s113
Greenberger, D. B., & Sexton, D. L. (1988). An interactive model of new venture creation. Journal of Small Business Management. 26(3), 107–127.
Hammoda, B. (2024). The Impact of Educational Technologies on Entrepreneurial Competencies: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence. Knowledge Management & E-Learning. 16(2), 309-333.
Hanandeh, R., Alnajdawi, S., Almansour, A., & Elrehail, H. (2021). The impact of entrepreneurship education on innovative start-up intention: the mediating role of entrepreneurial mind-sets. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable De
Hardini, M. G., Khaizure, T., & Godwin, G. (2024). Exploring the effectiveness of e-learning in fostering innovation and creative entrepreneurship in higher education. Startupreneur Business Digital (SABDA Journal). 3(1), 34-42.
Ho, C. S. M., Man, T. W. Y., & Chiu, M. M. (2025). Demographics, social norms, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention: a social cognitive perspective on secondary students. International Journal of Educational Management. 39(1), 156-1
Ho, M., Soo, C., Tian, A., & Teo, S. T. (2024). Influence of strategic HRM and entrepreneurial orientation on dynamic capabilities and innovation in small-and medium-sized enterprises. International Small Business Journal. 42(5), 611-640. doi: 10.1177/026
Hostager, T. J., & Decker, R. L. (1999). The effects of an entrepreneurship program on achievement motivation: A preliminary study. Small Business Institute Director's Association.
Iwu, C. G., Opute, P. A., Nchu, R., Eresia-Eke, C., Tengeh, R. K., Jaiyeoba, O., & Aliyu, O. A. (2021). Entrepreneurship education, curriculum and lecturer-competency as antecedents of student entrepreneurial intention. The International Journal of Manage
Izedonmi, P. F., & Okafor, (2010). The effect of entrepreneurship education on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Global Journal of Management and Business Research. 10(6), 49–55.
James, H. S., Jr. (2000). Separating contract from governance. Managerial and Decision Economics. 21(2), 47–61. doi: 10.1002/1099-1468(200003)21:2<47::AID-MDE967>3.0.CO;2-5
Jamshidi, O., & Shafiee, F. (2023). Status of entrepreneurial and startup education in agriculture university: the study of students’ perspective. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 25(1), 33-46.
Karani, A. O., Waiganjo, M. M., & Mugambi, D. K. (2024). The Influence of Education 4.0 on Decision-making and Agripreneurship Start-up Behavior among Agriculture Students in Kenyan TVET Institutions. East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences
Katz, J. A. (1992). A psychosocial cognitive model of employment status choice. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 17(1), 29–37. doi: 10.1177/104225879201700104
Kennedy, J., Fu, P. P., & Yukl, G. (2003). Influence tactics across twelve cultures. In W. Mobley & P. Dorfman (Eds.), Advances in global leadership (Vol. 3, pp. 127–148). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc.
Kim, T. Y. (2021). A Study on the Effects of Design Thinking Process and Maker Education on University Students’ Start-Up Activities. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship. 16(6), 177-196.
Krueger, N. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 18(1), 5–21. doi: 10.1177/10422587930180010
Krueger, N. F., & Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 18(3), 91–104. doi: 10.1177/104225879401800307
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing. 15(5-6), 411–432. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Kuratko, D. F. (2005). The emergence of entrepreneurship education: Development, trends, and challenges. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 29(5), 577–598. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00099.x
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 33(3), 593–617. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
Lu, G., Song, Y., & Pan, B. (2021). How university entrepreneurship support affects college students’ entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical analysis from China. Sustainability. 13(6), 3224. doi: 10.3390/su13063224
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review. 21(1), 135–172. doi: 10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568
Lv, Y., Chen, Y., Sha, Y., Wang, J., An, L., Chen, T., ... & Huang, L. (2021). How entrepreneurship education at universities influences entrepreneurial intention: Mediating effect based on entrepreneurial competence. Frontiers in psychology. 12, 655868.
Lyu, J., Shepherd, D., & Lee, K. (2024). The impact of entrepreneurship pedagogy on nascent student entrepreneurship: An entrepreneurial process perspective. Studies in Higher Education. 49(1), 62-83. doi: 10.1080/03075079.2023.2220722
Maheshwari, G., Kha, K. L., & Arokiasamy, A. R. A. (2023). Factors affecting students’ entrepreneurial intentions: a systematic review (2005–2022) for future directions in theory and practice. Management Review Quarterly. 73(4), 1903-1970. doi: 10.1007/s1
Maritz, A., Nguyen, Q., & Ivanov, S. (2022). Student entrepreneurship ecosystems at Australian higher education institutions. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. 29(6), 940-957. doi: 10.1108/JSBED-11-2021-0466
Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, K. E. (1990). Informal and incidental learning in the workplace. Routledge.
Matoug, S. B., Zehouani, A., Lazhar, B. M., Ziadi, S., Belarbi, G., & Abada, M. (2024). The role of entrepreneurship education in guiding university students to create their personal and professional projects within the framework of a startup. Internation
McMullan, W., Long, W. A., & Wilson, A. (1985). MBA concentration on entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship. 3(1), 18–22. doi: 10.1080/08276331.1985.10600218
Mele, G., Sansone, G., Secundo, G., & Paolucci, E. (2022). Speeding up student entrepreneurship: The role of university business idea incubators. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 71, 2364-2378. doi: 10.1109/TEM.2022.3175655
Miço, H., & Cungu, J. (2023). Entrepreneurship education, a challenging learning process towards entrepreneurial competence in education. Administrative Sciences. 13(1), 22. doi: 10.3390/admsci13010022
Mitchelmore, S., & Rowley, J. (2010). Entrepreneurial competencies: A literature review and development agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. 16(2), 92–111. doi: 10.1108/13552551011026995
Morris, M. H., Webb, J. W., Fu, J., & Singhal, S. (2013). A competency-based perspective on entrepreneurship education: Conceptual and empirical insights. Journal of Small Business Management. 51(3), 352–369. doi: 10.1111/jsbm.12023
Murad, M., Othman, S. B., & Kamarudin, M. A. I. B. (2024). Entrepreneurial university support and entrepreneurial career: the directions for university policy to influence students’ entrepreneurial intention and behavior. Journal of Entrepreneurship and P
Naffziger, D. W., Ahmed, N. U., & Montagno, R. V. (2003). Perceptions of environmental consciousness in US small businesses: An empirical study. SAM Advanced Management Journal. 68(2), 23.
Naffziger, D. W., Hornsby, J. S., & Kuratko, D. F. (1994). A proposed research model of entrepreneurial motivation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 18(3), 29–42. doi: 10.1177/104225879401800303
Neck, C. P., Houghton, J. D., Sardeshmukh, S. R., Goldsby, M., & Godwin, J. L. (2013). Self-leadership: A cognitive resource for entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship. 26(5), 463–480.
Ngugi, J. K., Gakure, R. W., Waithaka, S. M., & Kiwara, A. N. (2012). Application of Shapero’s model in explaining entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Kenya. International Journal of Business and Social Research. 2(4), 125–148.
Okolie, U. C., Igwe, P. A., Ayoola, A. A., Nwosu, H. E., Kanu, C., & Mong, I. K. (2021). Entrepreneurial competencies of undergraduate students: The case of universities in Nigeria. The International Journal of Management Education. 19(1), 100452. doi: 10
Oosterbeek, H., Van Praag, M., & Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review. 54(3), 442–454. doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.08.002
Overwien, A., Jahnke, L., & Leker, J. (2024). Can entrepreneurship education activities promote students’ entrepreneurial intention?. The International Journal of Management Education. 22(1), 100928. doi: 10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100928
Parkes, J., & Rezanıa, D. (2022). Talent development: Examining the impact of university education on entrepreneurship. The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences. 24: 17-28.
Pepin, M., Tremblay, M., Audebrand, L. K., & Chassé, S. (2024). The responsible business model canvas: Designing and assessing a sustainable business modeling tool for students and start-up entrepreneurs. International journal of sustainability in higher
Peterman, N. E., & Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise education: Influencing students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 28(2): 129–144. doi: 10.1046/j.1540-6520.2003.00035.x
Pittaway, L., & Cope, J. (2007). Entrepreneurship education: A systematic review of the evidence. International Small Business Journal. 25(5), 479–510. doi: 10.1177/0266242607080656
Rae, D. (2006). Entrepreneurial Learning: A Conceptual Framework for Technology-Based Enterprise. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. 18(1): 39–56. doi: 10.1080/09537320500520494
Rakhimova, Z., Topildiev, B., Nazarov, S., Kadirova, M., Sobirova, N., Rustamova, M., & Nusratova, K. (2025). Fostering Entrepreneurial Competencies in Higher Education: Trends, Challenges, Legal Issues and Impacts on Student Success. Qubahan Academic Jou
Rasmussen, E., Mosey, S., & Wright, M. (2011). The evolution of entrepreneurial competencies: A longitudinal study of university spin-off venture emergence. Journal of Management Studies. 48(6), 1314–1345. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00995.x
Robinson, P. B., Stimpson, D. V., Huefner, J. C., & Hunt, H. K. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 15(4), 13–32. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00995.x
Rodrigues, R. G., Dinis, A., Paco, A., Ferreira, J., & Raposo, M. (2012). The effect of an entrepreneurial training programme on entrepreneurial traits and intention of secondary students. In T. Burger-Helmchen (Ed.), Entrepreneurship – Born, made and edu
Ronstadt, R., Vesper, K. H., & McMullan, W. E. (1988). Entrepreneurship: Today courses, tomorrow degrees? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 13(1), 7–13. doi: 10.1177/104225878801300102
Sakib, M. N., Rabbani, M. R., Hawaldar, I. T., Jabber, M. A., Hossain, J., & Sahabuddin, M. (2022). Entrepreneurial competencies and SMEs’ performance in a developing economy. Sustainability. 14(20), 13643. doi: 10.3390/su142013643
Schimperna, F., Nappo, F., & Marsigalia, B. (2021). Student entrepreneurship in universities: The state-of-the-art. Administrative Sciences. 12(1), 5. doi: 10.3390/su142013643
Senge, P. M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Doubleday.
Seraj, A. H. A., Fazal, S. A., & Alshebami, A. S. (2022). Entrepreneurial competency, financial literacy, and sustainable performance—examining the mediating role of entrepreneurial resilience among Saudi entrepreneurs. Sustainability, 14(17), 10689. doi:
Shahzad, M. F., Khan, K. I., Saleem, S., & Rashid, T. (2021). What factors affect the entrepreneurial intention to start-ups? The role of entrepreneurial skills, propensity to take risks, and innovativeness in open business models. Journal of Open Innovat
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. doi: 10.5465/amr.2000.2791611
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. Available online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1497759 (accessed on 26 September 2025).
Soeharto, S., Andrini, V. S., Hidayati, U., & Etika, E. D. (2025). Impact of Experiential Learning and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Student Start-up Business Performance with Social Network Moderation. Dinamika Pendidikan. 20(1), 93-108.
Solesvik, M., Westhead, P., & Matlay, H. (2014). Cultural factors and entrepreneurial intention: The role of entrepreneurship education. Education + Training. 56(9), 680–696. doi: 10.1108/ET-07-2014-0075
Solomon, G. T., Duffy, S., & Tarabishy, A. (2002). The state of entrepreneurship education in the United States: A nationwide survey and analysis. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education. 1(1), 65–86.
Somia, T., & Vecchiarini, M. (2024). Navigating the new frontier: the impact of artificial intelligence on students’ entrepreneurial competencies. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. 30(11), 236-260. doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-08-2023-07
Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2022). Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, need for achievement and entrepreneurial intention among commerce students in Pakistan. Education+ Training. 64(1), 107-125. doi: 10.1108/ET-01-2021-0023
Soutaris, V., et al. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programs raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing. 22(4), 566–591. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.0
Su, Y., Zhu, Z., Chen, J., Jin, Y., Wang, T., Lin, C. L., & Xu, D. (2021). Factors influencing entrepreneurial intention of university students in China: integrating the perceived university support and theory of planned behavior. Sustainability. 13(8), 4
Swanson, R. A., & Holton, E. F. (2001). Foundations of human resource development. Berrett-Koehler.
Thompson, J. L. (2004). The facets of the entrepreneur: Identifying entrepreneurial potential. Management Decision. 42(2), 243–258. doi: 10.1108/00251740410515861
Timmons, J., & Spinelli, S. (2004). New venture creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st century (6th ed.). Irwin.
Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configurational approach. Journal of Business Venturing. 20(1), 71–91. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.01.001
Winterton, J. (2002). Entrepreneurship: Towards a competence framework for developing SME managers. In United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship Conference Proceedings. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255
Wu, S., & Wu, L. (2008). The impact of higher education on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in China. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. 15(4), 752–774. doi: 10.1108/14626000810917843
Yang, B. (2004). Can adult learning theory provide a foundation for human resource development? Advances in Developing Human Resources. 6(2), 129–145. doi: 10.1177/1523422304263325
Ye, Q., Zhu, Y., Jin, Y., & Wang, D. (2023). Will there always be a return on investment? The effects of investment in employee development on employee entrepreneurship. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 141, 103843. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103843
