Figure1. The diagram of the relationship between the digital
twin’s components and the smart city.

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Dr. Mohammad H. Vahidnia

Islamic Azad University

Iran, Islamic Republic of

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Long-term drought and improper maintenance of water resources have intensified the contradiction between the supply and demand of water resources. Groundwater is developed and utilized by more and more regions because of its excellent water quality and stable water quantity. Human beings have an increasing demand for groundwater. Therefore, how to evaluate groundwater resources is an urgent problem to be solved.

The coast divides into three types: coast, lake bank, and riverbank. It is a waterfront zone formed by the action of waves, tides, and currents at the contact between water surface and land. The bank formed by the accumulation of many sediments is called the beach. The coastline is the boundary between land and sea. The demarcation of the coastline is defined by the elevation of the submerged surface of the normal high tide level, that is, the submerged surface is the sea area and the dry-out zone is the land area.