Artificial intelligence and broadband development through the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway

Atsuko Okuda; Siope Vakataki ‘Ofa

doi:10.24294/jipd.v2i2.1047

A Pre-Feasibility Study on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway in the ASEAN sub-Region (2016b). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/pre-feasibility-study-asia-pacific-information-superhighway-asean-sub-region. [Last accessed on 2018 Feb 17].

A Study of ICT Connectivity for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Enhancing the Collaboration in China-Central Asia Corridor (2017e). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/study-ict-connectivity-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-enhancing-collaboration-china-central. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

A Study on Cost-Benefit Analysis of Fibre-Optic Co-Deployment with the Asian Highway Connectivity. (2018g). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Cost-benefit%20analysis%20of%20fOC%20with%20Asia%20Highway.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Artificial Intelligence and Broadband Divide: State of ICT Connectivity in Asia and the Pacific 2017 (2017a). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/artificial-intelligence-and-broadband-divide-state-ict-connectivity-asia-and-pacific-2017. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Ashton K (2009). That “Internet of things” Thing, RFID Journal. Available from: http://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?4986. [Last accessed on 2009 Jun 22].

Asia Development Bank and Asia Development Bank Institute (2009). Infrastructure for a Seamless Asia. Available from: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/159348/adbi-infrastructure-seamless-asia.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Jun 21].

AT and T (2016). What you Need to Know about IOT Wide Area Networks: How to Choose the Right WAN Technology for the Internet of Things. Available from: https://www.business.att.com/content/whitepaper/what_need_know_iot_networks.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Jun 21].

Aziz K, Haque MM, Rahman A, Shamseldin AY and Shoaib M (2016). Flood estimation in un-gauged catchments: Application of artificial intelligence based methods for Eastern Australia. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 31-6: 1499-1514. doi: 10.1007/s00477-016-1272-0.

Blaikie N (2010). Designing Social Research. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Broadband Connectivity in Pacific Island Countries (2018f). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/broadband-connectivity-pacific-island-countries. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Building a Resilient Digital Economy: Fostering SMEs in Central Asia. (2017d). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/building-resilient-digital-economy-fostering-smes-central-asia. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Building e-Resilience: Enhancing the Role of ICTs for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) (2016e). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-enhancing-role-icts-disaster-risk-management-drm. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

CGI (2013). Predictive Analytics: The Rise and Value of Predictive Analytics in Enterprise Decision Making, White Paper. Available from: https://www.cgi.com/sites/default/files/white-papers/Predictive-analytics-white-paper.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Jun 21].

Chen N, Christensen L, Gallagher K, Mate R and Rafert G (2016). Global Economic Impacts Associated with Artificial Intelligence, Analysis Group. Available from: http://www.analysisgroup.com/uploadedfiles/content/news_and_events/news/ag_executive_summary_economic_impact_of_ai.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Jun 21].

Cisco Systems (2017). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2016-2021, White Paper. Available from: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.html. [Last accessed on 2018 Jan 11].

Daki H, Hannani AE, Aqqal A, Haidine A and Dahbiel A (2017). Big data management in smart grid: Concepts, requirements and implementation. Journal of Big Data, 4: 13. doi: 10.1186/s40537-017-0070-y.

Datta A and Agarwal S (2004). Telecommunications and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24075319_Telecommunications_and_Economic_Growth_A_Panel_Data_Approach. [Last accessed on 2017 Jun 21]. doi: 10.1080/0003684042000218552.

Deepak A, Kumar N and Kawalek JP (2018). Understanding big data analytics capabilities in supply chain management: Unraveling the issues, challenges and implications for practice. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 114: 416-436. doi: 10.1016/j.tre.2017.04.001.

Disaster Resilience for Sustainable Development: Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2017 (2017g). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/1_Disaster%20Report%202017%20Low%20res.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Economist (2016). Call Centres: The End of the Line. Available from: http://www.economist.com/news/international/21690041-call-centres-have-created-millions-good-jobs-emerging-world-technology-threatens. [Last accessed on 2016 Feb 06].

Economist Intelligence Unit (2016a). Artificial Intelligence in the Real World. The Business Case Takes Shape. Available from: https://www.eiuperspectives.economist.com/sites/default/files/Artificial_intelligence_in_ the_real_world_1.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Effect of Open International Gateways on the Broadband Connectivity Market (2017f). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/effect-open-international-gateways-broadband-connectivity-market. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

El-Sappagh SH and Elmogy M (2015). Case based reasoning: Case representation methodologies. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 6-11: 192-208.

Enhancing Cybersecurity for Industry 4.0 in Asia and the Pacific (2018c). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/enhancing-cybersecurity-industry-40-asia-and-pacific. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

E-Resilience: A Review of National Broadband Policies, Regulations, Strategies and Initiatives of China, Japan and the Republic of Korea (2018a). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/e-resilience-review-national-broadband-policies-regulations-strategies-and-initiatives. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Fink C, Mattoo A and Rathindran R (2003). An assessment of telecommunications reform in developing countries. Information Economics and Policy, 15: 443-466. doi: 10.1016/S0167-6245(03)00007-6.

Gokturk MS and Gurbuz O (2014). Cooperation with multiple relays in wireless sensor networks: Optimal cooperator selection and power assignment. Wireless Networks, 20-2: 209-225. doi: 10.1007/s11276-013-0585-x.

Grewal DS (2014). A critical conceptual analysis of definitions of artificial intelligence as applicable to computer engineering. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, 16-2: 9-13.

GSMA (2017). Unlocking Rural Coverage: Enablers for Commercially Sustainable Mobile Network Expansion. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Unlocking-Rural-Coverage-enablers-for-commercially-sustainable-mobile-network-expansion_English.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 21].

Hashem IA, Yaqoob I, Anuar NB, Mokhtara S, Gania A and Khan SU (2015). The rise of ‘big data’ on cloud computing: Review and open research issues. Information Systems, 47: 98-115. doi: 10.1016/j.is.2014.07.006.

Heeks R (2017). Routledge perspectives on development. In: Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D). London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. doi: 10.4324/9781315652603.

High Aspirations, Stark Realities: Digitizing Government in South-East Asia, 2016; (2016b). Available from: https://www.eiuperspectives.economist.com/sites/default/files/EIU_Microsoft%20DigitisingGov_briefing%20paper_Jan2016.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Huang MW, Chen CW, Lin WC, Ke SW and Tsai CF (2017). SVM and SVM ensembles in breast cancer prediction. PLoS One, 12(1): e0161501. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161501.

ICT in Disaster Risk Management Initiatives in Asia and the Pacific (2016d). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/ict-disaster-risk-management-initiatives-asia-and-pacific. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Implementation of the Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway and the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document (2018d). p. 2. Available from: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/ESCAP_CICTSTI_2018_2_Implementation%20of%20master%20plan%20 of%20AP-IS_English_0.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Inderst G (2016). Infrastructure Investment, Private Finance and Institutional Investors: Asia from a Global Perspective, ADBI Working Paper Series, No. 555. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available from: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/179166/adbi-wp555.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Inequality in Asia and the Pacific in the era of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2018b). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/publications/inequality-asia-and-pacific-era-2030-agenda-sustainable-development. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

International Telecommunication Union (2012). New ITU Standards Define the Internet of Things and Provide the Blueprints for its Development. Available from: http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ n e w s l o g / N e w + I T U + S t a n d a r d s + D e fi n e + T h e + I n t e r n e t + O f + T h i n g s + A n d + P r o v i d e + T h e + Blueprints+For+Its+Development.aspx. [Last accessed on 2017 Jan 11].

ITU and Cisco Systems (2016). Harnessing the Internet of Things for Global Development: A Contribution to the UN Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/action/ broadband/Documents/Harnessing-IoT-Global-Development.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Kunavut K, Okuda A and Lee D (2018). Belt and road initiative (BRI): Enhancing ICT connectivity in China-Central Asia corridor. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 2-1: 116-141. doi: 10.24294/jipd.v2i1.164.

Lee HW and Choi Y (2016). What is Korea’s Strategy to Manage the Implications of Artificial Intelligence? World Bank. Available from: http://www.blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/ what-korea-s-strategy-manage- implications-artificial- intelligence. [Last accessed on 2018 Feb 17].

Manual for Measuring ICT Access and use by Households and Individuals (2014). Available from: https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/ itu-d/opb/ind/D-IND-ITCMEAS- 2014-PDF-E.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Jan 11].

Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway, 2019-2022 (2018e). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/sites/ default/files/ESCAP_CICTSTI _2018_INF1.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

McKinsey Global Institute (2017). Artificial Intelligence: The Next Digital Frontier? Discussion Paper. Available from: http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Advanced% 20Electronics/Our%20Insights/ How%20artificial %20intelligence%20can%20deliver%20real %20value%20to%20companies /MGI-Artificial- Intelligence-Discussion-paper.ashx. [Last accessed on 2018 Feb 17].

Mell P and Tim G (2009). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing. Available from: https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/itl /cloud/cloud-def-v15.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2016). Mid-to Long-Term Master Plan in Preparation for the Intelligent Information Society: Managing the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Republic of Korea. Available from: http://www.msip.go.kr /dynamic/file/afieldfile/msse56/1352869/2017/07/20/Master%20Plan%20for%20the%20intelligent%20information%20society.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 18].

MIT (2016). How Asia is Speeding up Global Artificial Intelligence Adoption, Technology Review. Available from: https://www.s3.amazonaws.com /mittrasia/AsiaAI.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 12].

Moses J and Knutsen T (2012). Ways of Knowing: Competing Methodologies in Social and Political Research. 2nd ed. England: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-1-137-00841-1.

National Telecommunications and Information Administration (2018). Broadband, United States Department of Commerce. Available from: https://www.ntia.doc.gov/category/broadband. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 21].

Pantic M (2006). Introduction to Machine Learning and Case-Based Reasoning. Available from: https://www.ibug. doc.ic. ac.uk/media/uploads/documents /courses/syllabus-CBR.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Feb 17].

Paramanandam M (2016). Automated segmentation of nuclei in breast cancer histopathology images. PLoS One, 11(9): e0162053. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162053.

Planning Processes, Policies and Initiatives in ICTD Education at Institutions of Higher Learning (IHLs) in Asia and the Pacific (2017b). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/planning-processes-policies-and-initiatives-ictd-education- institutions-higher-learning. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Press G (2017a). Top 10 Hot Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technologies, Forbes. Available from: https://www forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2017/ 01/23/top-10-hot-artificial- intelligence-ai-technologies/. [Last accessed on 2017 Jan 23].

Press G (2017b). Forrester Predicts Investment in Artificial Intelligence will Grow 300% in 2017, Forbes. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2016/11/01/forrester-predicts-investment-in-artificial-intelligence-will-grow-300-in-2017/. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 21].

Purdy M and Daugherty P (2016). Why Artificial Intelligence is the Future of Growth, Accenture. Available from: https://www.accenture.com/lv-en /_acnmedia/PDF-33/Accenture -Why-AI-is-the-Future-of- Growth.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Röller LH and Waverman L (2001). Telecommunications infrastructure and economic development: A simultaneous approach. American Economic Review, 91-4: 909-923. doi: 10.1257/aer.91.4.909.

Russell J (2017). Toyota, Intel and Others form Big Data Group for Automotive Tech, TechCrunch. Available from: https://www.techcrunch.com /2017/08/11/toyota-intel- automotive-big-data/. [Last accessed on 2017 Aug 11].

Scimago Journal (2018). Scimago Institutions Country Rank, Online Database. Available from: https://www scimagojr.com /countryrank.php. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 17].

Schaffers H, Komninos N, Pallot M, Trousse B, Nilsson M, Oliveira A. Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation. Berlin: Springer; 2011.

Sequans Communications (2016). CAT-M vs. NB-IoT: Energy Consumption vs. Payload; 2016.

Tarantola A (2015). Robots Expected to Run Half of Japan by 2035, Engadget. Available from: https://www engadget.com /2015/12/04/robots-expected -to-run-half-of-japan-by-2035. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 18].

The Impact of Universal Service Funds on Fixed Broadband Deployment and Internet Adoption in Asia and the Pacific (2017c). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/ resources/impact-universal-service -funds-fixed-broadband-deployment-and-internet- adoption-asia-and. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

The UN E-Government Survey 2018 (2018). Chapter 3: E-Resilience though E-Government: Global and Regional Perspectives. Available from: https://www.publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2018. [Last accessed on 2018 May 18].

United Nations (2013). Global Pulse Big Data for Development: Harnessing Big Data for Real-Time Awareness. Available from: http://www.unglobalpulse.org /sites/default/files/Primer %202013_FINAL%20FOR% 20PRINT.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 17].

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) (2016a). State of ICT in Asia and the Pacific 2016: Uncovering the Widening Broadband Divide. Available from: https://www.unescap. org/resources/state-ict-asia-and -pacific-2016-uncovering-widening- broadband-divide. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 17].

Updated Analysis of the Broadband Infrastructure in Asia Pacific (2016c). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/updated-analysis-broadband- infrastructure-asia- pacific. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

World Economic Forum (WEF) (2016). The Future of Jobs, Employment, Skills and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Available from: http://www.3.weforum.org/docs/ WEF_Future_of_Jobs.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database (2018). Online Database. Available from: https://www.itu.int/ en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/ publications/wtid.aspx. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 21].

Yau KL, Goh HG, Chieng D and Kwong KH (2015). Application of reinforcement learning to wireless sensor networks: Models and algorithms. Computing, 97-11: 1045-1075. doi: 10.1007/s00607-014-0438-1.

Yu W, Chavez R, Jacobs MA and Mengying F (2018). Data-driven supply chain capabilities and performance: A resource-based view. Logistics and Transportation Review, 114: 371-385. doi: 10.1016/j.tre.2017.04.002.

Zahraee SM, Assadi MK and Saidur R (2016). Application of artificial intelligence methods for hybrid energy system optimization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 66: 617-630. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.028.

Zanella A, Bui N, Castellani A and Michele Z (2014). Internet of things for smart cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1-1: 22-32. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2014.2306328.