IEA. Africa energy outlook: A focus on energy prospects in sub-Saharan Africa. World Energy Outlook 2021. International Energy Agency, Paris; 2021. doi: 10.1787/weo-2021-en
Ouedraogo NS. Africa energy future: Alternative scenarios and their implications for sustainable development strategies. Energy Policy. 2017; 106: 457-471. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.021
Deichmann U, Meisner C, Murray S, Wheeler D. The economics of renewable energy expansion in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Policy. 2011; 39: 215-227.
Brunet C, Savadogo O, Baptiste P, Bouchard MA. Shedding some light on photovoltaic solar energy in Africa—A literature review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2018; 96: 325-342. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.004
Mohammed YS, Mustafa MW, Bashir N. Status of renewable energy consumption and developmental challenges in Sub-Sahara Africa. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013; 27: 453-463. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.044
Samomssa I, Jiokap YN, Kamga R. Energy potential of waste derived from some food crop products in the northern part of Cameroon. Int J Energy Power Eng. 2015; 4: 342-352. doi: 10.11648/j. ijepe.20150406.13
IRENA. Africa Power Sector: Planning and Prospects for Renewable Energy. Abu Dhabi/Bonn: IRENA; 2015.
Sharma S, Kundu A, Basu S, et al. Sustainable environmental management and related biofuel technologies. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 273: 111096. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111096
Hoang AT. Experimental study on spray and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with preheated bio-oils and diesel fuel. Energy. 2019; 171: 795-808.
Atarod P, Khlaife E, Aghbashlo M, et al. Soft computing-based modeling and emission control/reduction of a diesel engine fueled with carbon nanoparticle-dosed water/diesel emulsion fuel. J. Hazard Mater. 2020; 124369.
Cao DN, Hoang AT, Luu HQ, et al. Effects of injection pressure on the NOx and PM emission control of diesel engine: a review under the aspect of PCCI combustion condition. Energy Sources. Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff. 2020; 1-18.
Stanislav V, Vassilev C, Vassileva G, Vassil SV. Advantages and disadvantages of composition and properties of biomass in comparison with coal: An overview. Fuel. 2015; 158: 330-350. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.050
Anh TH, Atabani E, Nizetic S, et al. Acid-based lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery for bioenergy production: Advantages, application constraints, and perspectives. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 296: 113194. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113194
Jaramillo P, Muller NZ. Air pollution emissions and damages from energy production in the U.S.: 2002–2011. Energy Policy. 2016; 90: 202-211. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.12.035
Hasanbeigi A, Lynn P. A technical review of emerging technologies for energy and water efficiency and pollution reduction in the textile industry. J. Clean. Prod. 2015; 95: 30-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.079
Li LL, Lou JL, Tseng ML, et al. A hybrid dynamic economic environmental dispatch model for balancing operating costs and pollutant emissions in renewable energy: A novel improved mayfly algorithm. Expert Systems with Applications. 2022; 203: 117411. doi:
Chia SR, Ong HC, Chew KW, et al. Sustainable approaches for algae utilisation in bioenergy production. Renewable Energy. 2018; 129: 838-852. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.001
Mahmood N, Zhaohua W, Nazia Y, et al. How to bend down the environmental Kuznets curve: the significance of biomass energy. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019; 26: 21598-21608. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-05442-1
Parthasarathy P, Narayanan SK. Effect of hydrothermal carbonization reaction parameters on. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy. 2014; 33(3): 676-680.
Samomssa I, Henriette AZ, Boukar H, et al. Compositional characteristics and theoretical energy potential of animal droppings from Adamawa region of Cameroon. Biomass Convers. Biorefin. 2022. doi: 10.1007/s13399-022-03320-4
Azevedo A, Franccesca F, Mateus-da S, et al. Life cycle assessment of bioethanol production from cattle manure. J. Clean. Prod. 2017; 162: 1021-1030. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.141
Lee D, Jun HY, Sungyup J, et al. Valorization of animal manure: A case study of bioethanol production from horse manure. Chem. Eng. J. 2021; 403: 126345. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126343
Hafid HS, Rahman NAA, Shah UKM, et al. Feasibility of using kitchen waste as future substrate for bioethanol production: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017; 74: 671-686. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.071
Samomssa I, Jiokap YN, Tsamo C, et al. Inluence of physico-chemical parameters on fuel briquettes properties formulated with mixture of biomasses. J Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2019; 5(2): 338-341. doi: 10.30799/jesps.165.19050202
Samomssa I, Nono YJ, Cârâc G, et al. Optimization of fuel briquette production from cassava peels, plantain peels and corn cobs. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 2021; 23(5): 1905-1917. doi: 10.1007/s10163-021-01260-1
Leng L, Huang H. An overview of the effect of pyrolysis process parameters on biochar stability. Bioresource Technology. 2018; 270: 627-642. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.030
Kenney KL, Smith WA, Gresham GL, et al. Understanding biomass feedstock variability. Biofuels. 2013; 4(1): 111-127. doi: 10.4155/bfs.12.83
Li Y, Liu H, Xiao K, et al. Correlations between the physicochemical properties of hydrochar and specific components of waste lettuce: Influence of moisture, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Bioresource Technology. 2019; 272: 482-488. doi: 10.1016/j.bi
Wang T, Si B, Gong Z, et al. Co-hydrothermal carbonization of food waste-woody sawdust blend: Interaction effects on the hydrochar properties and nutrients characteristics. Bioresource Technology. 2020; 316: 123900. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123900
Bardhan M, Novera TM, Tabassum M, et al. Co-hydrothermal carbonization of different feedstocks to hydrochar as potential energy for the future world: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 298: 126734. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126734
Leng L, Yang L, Chen J, et al. A review on pyrolysis of protein-rich biomass: Nitrogen transformation. Bioresource Technology. 2020; 315: 123801. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123801
Wu Q, Yu S, Hao N, et al. Characterization of products from hydrothermal carbonization of pine. Bioresource Technology. 2017; 244: 78-83. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.138
Hassana B, Mbawala A, Ngassoum M, Ibrahima A. Investigation of some biomasses availability for conversion in biochar: Case of Ngaoundere (Cameroonian). Int. J. Sci. Technol. 2019; 6: 597-609.
Tchouanti NB, Onguene MP, Ahmed A, Ruben M. Effect of particle size on syngas production using sawdust of Cameroonian Triplochiton scleroxylon. Sci. Afr. 2019; 6: e00182. doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00182
ASTM Standards. Standard test method moisture analysis of particulate wood. Fuels. 2006 ; 1871–1882.
ASTM Standards. Standard test method for ash in biomass. Fuels. 2007 ; 1755–1761.
ASTM Standards. Standard test method for volatile matter in the analysis of particulate wood. Fuels. 2006 872–882.
Torgrip RJO, Fernández-Cano V. Rapid X-ray based determination of moisture-, ash content and heating value of three biofuel assortments. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2017; 98: 161-171. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.01.005
Ormaechea P, Castrillón L, Suárez-Peña B, et al. Enhancement of biogas production from cattle manure pretreated and/or co-digested at pilot-plant scale. Characterization by SEM. Renewable Energy. 2018; 126: 897-904. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.04.022
Tsai WT, Liu SC. Thermochemical characterization of cattle manure relevant to its energy conversion and environmental implications. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2015; 6(1): 71-77. doi: 10.1007/s13399-015-0165-7
Muhammad D, Naqvi M, Usman F, Naqvi S. Characterization of South Asian agricultural residues for potential utilization in future energy mix. Energy Procedia. 2015; 75: 2974-2980. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.604
Jiang C, Lin Q, Wang C, et al. Experimental study of the ignition and combustion characteristics of cattle manure under diferent environmental conditions. Energy. 2020; 197: 117143. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.177143
