1.Rani L, Kaushal J, Srivastav AL, et al. Cadmium toxicity, health risk and its remediation using low-cost biochar adsorbents. Open Life Sciences. 2025; 20(1). doi: 10.1515/biol-2025-1131
2.Cheng Y-f, Zhao Y-j, Chen C, et al. Heavy Metals Toxicity: Mechanism, Health Effects, and Therapeutic Interventions. MedComm. 2025; 6(9). doi: 10.1002/mco2.70241
3.Rasin P, V AA, Basheer SM, et al. Exposure to cadmium and its impacts on human health: A short review. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. 2025; 17: 100608. doi: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100608
4.Smereczański NM, Brzóska MM. Current Levels of Environmental Exposure to Cadmium in Industrialized Countries as a Risk Factor for Kidney Damage in the General Population: A Comprehensive Review of Available Data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(9): 8413. doi: 10.3390/ijms24098413
5.Cañas Portilla AI, Castaño A, World Health Organization. Human health effects of benzene, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead and mercury: Report of an expert consultation. Regional Office for Europe: World Health Organization; 2024.
6.Nemeș NS, Negrea A, Ciopec M, et al. Heavy Metal Ion Removal: A Global Review of Wastewater Treatment Technologies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(4): 1741. doi: 10.3390/ijms27041741
7.Kowalik-Klimczak A. Removal of Heavy Metals from Galvanic Industry Wastewater: A Review of Different Possible Methods. Sustainability. 2025; 17(19): 8562. doi: 10.3390/su17198562
8.Joshi AA, Chaudhari K, Ragupathy G. Recent trends in heavy metal removal technologies from water: mechanisms and advancements. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 2026; 12(2): 421-456. doi: 10.1039/d4ew01024h
9.Crini G, Lichtfouse E. Advantages and disadvantages of techniques used for wastewater treatment. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2018; 17(1): 145-155. doi: 10.1007/s10311-018-0785-9
10.Joia R, Atamanov M, Umbetkaliev K, et al. Exploring the versatile production techniques and applications of nitrogen-doped activated carbon. Thermal Science and Engineering. 2024; 7(1): 5842. doi: 10.24294/tse.v7i1.5842
11.Njewa JB, Shikuku VO. Recent advances and issues in the application of activated carbon for water treatment in Africa: A systematic review (2007–2022). Applied Surface Science Advances. 2023; 18: 100501. doi: 10.1016/j.apsadv.2023.100501
12.Yhon J, Mendoza J, Osorio E, et al. Continuous Removal of Dyes from Wastewater Using Banana-Peel Bioadsorbent: A Low-Cost Alternative for Wastewater Treatment. Sustainability. 2023; 15(13): 9870. doi: 10.3390/su15139870
13.Sabir B, Ahmed S, Altaf F, et al. Removal of Dyes from Wastewater by Adsorption on Abies Pindrow Cone. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2025; 236(10). doi: 10.1007/s11270-025-08276-5.
14.Wang B, Lan J, Bo C, et al. Adsorption of heavy metal onto biomass-derived activated carbon: review. RSC Advances. 2023; 13(7): 4275-4302. doi: 10.1039/d2ra07911a.
15.Dungani R, Munawar SS, Karliati T, et al. Study of Characterization of Activated Carbon from Coconut Shells on Various Particle Scales as Filler Agent in Composite Materials. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology. 2022; 50(4): 256-271. doi: 10.5658/wood.2022.50.4.256
16.Joia R, Mukhlis N, Rashid A, et al. A Novel, Cost-Effective Post-Doping Method to Produce Nitrogen-Doped Activated Carbon from Rice Husk for CO2 Adsorption. Journal of Natural Science Review. 2026; 4(1): 78-92. doi: 10.62810/jnsr.v4i1.335
17.17. Ukanwa K, Patchigolla K, Sakrabani R, et al. A Review of Chemicals to Produce Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste Biomass. Sustainability. 2019; 11(22): 6204. doi: 10.3390/su11226204
18.18. Oladimeji TE, Odunoye BO, Elehinafe FrancisB, et al. Production of activated carbon from sawdust and its efficiency in the treatment of sewage water. Heliyon. 2021; 7(1): e05960. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05960
19.Shui Z, Yao L, Pu X, et al. Synthesis of a Novel Zeolite–Activated Carbon Composite Using Lithium–Silicon-Powder Waste for Ammonia-Nitrogen and Methylene Blue Removal. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2020; 59(33): 14616-14624. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00617
20.Teğin İ, Akdeniz S, Canpolat G, et al. Cost-Effective Removal of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from Wastewater Using Walnut Shell-Immobilized Amberlite XAD-4 as a Sorbent. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2025; 236(8). doi: 10.1007/s11270-025-08129-1
21.Yang L, Yungang W, Tao L, et al. High-performance sorbents from ionic liquid activated walnut shell carbon: an investigation of adsorption and regeneration. RSC Advances. 2023; 13(33): 22744-22757. doi: 10.1039/d3ra03555g
22.Gauden P, Terzyk A, Kowalczyk P, et al. Giles' classification of solute adsorption isotherms for binary non-electrolyte solutions via lattice DFT supported by experimental sorption data from aqueous solutions on carbonaceous materials. In: Carbon Materials—Theory and Practice. Trivandrum, Kerala, India: Research Signpost; 2008, p. 579.
23.Alaqarbeh M. Adsorption Phenomena: Definition, Mechanisms, and Adsorption Types: Short Review. RHAZES: Green and Applied Chemistry. Published online September 22, 2021: Vol. 13 (2021). doi: 10.48419/IMIST.PRSM/RHAZES-V13.28283
