Polyurethane is a multipurpose polymer with valuable mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability, and countless other physical features. Polyurethanes can be processed as foam, elastomer, or fibers. This innovative overview is designed to uncover the present state and opportunities in the field of polyurethanes and their nanocomposite sponges. Special emphasis has been given to fundamentals of polyurethanes and foam materials, related nanocomposite categories, and associated properties and applications. According to literature so far, adding carbon nanoparticles such as graphene and carbon nanotube influenced cell structure, overall microstructure, electrical/thermal conductivity, mechanical/heat stability, of the resulting polyurethane nanocomposite foams. Such progressions enabled high tech applications in the fields such as electromagnetic interference shielding, shape memory, and biomedical materials, underscoring the need of integrating these macromolecular sponges on industrial level environmentally friendly designs. Future research must be intended to resolve key challenges related to manufacturing and applicability of polyurethane nanocomposite foams. In particular, material design optimization, invention of low price processing methods, appropriate choice of nanofiller type/contents, understanding and control of interfacial and structure-property interplay must be determined.

The fast-growing field of nanotheranostics is revolutionizing cancer treatment by allowing for precise diagnosis and targeted therapy at the cellular and molecular levels. These nanoscale platforms provide considerable benefits in oncology, including improved disease and therapy specificity, lower systemic toxicity, and real-time monitoring of therapeutic outcomes. However, nanoparticles' complicated interactions with biological systems, notably the immune system, present significant obstacles for clinical translation. While certain nanoparticles can elicit favorable anti-tumor immune responses, others cause immunotoxicity, including complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA), cytokine storms, chronic inflammation, and organ damage. Traditional toxicity evaluation approaches are frequently time-consuming, expensive, and insufficient to capture these intricate nanoparticle-biological interactions. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as transformational solutions to these problems. This paper summarizes current achievements in nanotheranostics for cancer, delves into the causes of nanoparticle-induced immunotoxicity, and demonstrates how AI/ML may help anticipate and create safer nanoparticles. Integrating AI/ML with modern computational approaches allows for the detection of potentially dangerous nanoparticle qualities, guides the optimization of physicochemical features, and speeds up the development of immune-compatible nanotheranostics suited to individual patients. The combination of nanotechnology with AI/ML has the potential to completely realize the therapeutic promise of nanotheranostics while assuring patient safety in the age of precision medicine.

  Polyurethane is a multipurpose polymer with valuable mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability, and countless other physical features. Polyurethanes can be processed as foam, elastomer, or fibers. This innovative overview is designed to uncover the present state and opportunities in the field of polyurethanes and their nanocomposite sponges. Special emphasis has been given to fundamentals of polyurethanes and foam materials, related nanocomposite categories, and associated properties and applications. According to literature so far, adding carbon nanoparticles such as graphene and carbon nanotube influenced cell structure, overall microstructure, electrical/thermal conductivity, mechanical/heat stability, of the resulting polyurethane nanocomposite foams. Such progressions enabled high tech applications in the fields such as electromagnetic interference shielding, shape memory, and biomedical materials, underscoring the need of integrating these macromolecular sponges on industrial level environmentally friendly designs. Future research must be intended to resolve key challenges related to manufacturing and applicability of polyurethane nanocomposite foams. In particular, material design optimization, invention of low price processing methods, appropriate choice of nanofiller type/contents, understanding and control of interfacial and structure-property interplay must be determined.  

The current manuscript overviews the potential of inimitable zero dimensional carbon nanoentities, i.e., nanodiamonds, in the form of hybrid nanostructures with allied nanocarbons such as graphene and carbon nanotube. Accordingly, two major categories of hybrid nanodiamond nanoadditives have been examined for nanocompositing, including nanodiamond-graphene or nanodiamond/graphene oxide and nanodiamond/carbon nanotubes. These exceptional nanodiamond derived bifunctional nanocarbon nanostructures depicted valuable structural and physical attributes (morphology, electrical, mechanical, thermal, etc.) owing to the combination of intrinsic features of nanodiamonds with other nanocarbons. Consequently, as per literature reported so far, noteworthy multifunctional hybrid nanodiamond-graphene, nanodiamond/graphene oxide, and nanodiamond/carbon nanotube nanoadditives have been argued for characteristics and potential advantages. Particularly, these nanodiamond derived hybrid nanoparticles based nanomaterials seem deployable in the fields of electromagnetic radiation shielding, electronic devices like field effect transistors, energy storing maneuvers namely supercapacitors, and biomedical utilizations for wound healing, tissue engineering, biosensing, etc. Nonetheless, restricted research traced up till now on hybrid nanodiamond-graphene and nanodiamond/carbon nanotube based nanocomposites, therefore, future research appears necessary for further precise design varieties, large scale processing, and advanced technological progresses.

This study aims to examine the entrepreneurial activities of 240 women in the districts of Konaseema, East Godavari, and Kakinada during 2021–2022, focusing on the diverse range of 286 enterprises they managed across 69 business types. These enterprises were tailored to local resources and market demands, with coconut wholesale, cattle breeding, and provision shops being the most common. The study also analyzes income distribution, noting that one-third of the women earned between ₹50,000–1,00,000 annually, while only 0.70% earned over ₹5,00,000. More than half of the enterprises served as the primary income source for their families. The research highlights the significant role these women entrepreneurs play in their communities, their job satisfaction derived from financial independence and social empowerment, and the challenges they face, such as limited capital and market access. Finally, the study offers recommendations to empower these women to seize entrepreneurial opportunities and enhance their success.