The utilization of digital tools in agricultural extension has facilitated information delivery through non-face-to-face interactions. Therefore, this study aimed to map the variation in digital tools used by agricultural extension workers to access and deliver information and analyse the outcomes of farmers’ adoption. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with agricultural extension workers at 11 Agricultural Extension Centers. The data were processed using the N-Vivo qualitative data analysis software. The results showed that extension workers combined various digital tools as sources of extension materials and channels for delivering information to farmers. Although social interaction between agricultural extension workers and farmers occurred non-face-to-face, messages could be adopted by farmers and yield tangible outcomes. This was reflected in the asynchronous communication, allowing extension workers sufficient time to improve the quality of the delivered messages. Farmers also had sufficient time to review the received information content in this context repeatedly. These results implied that although extension content is delivered through non-face-to-face interaction, it can still drive adoption with significant outcomes.

This paper studies the patent race problem of communication enterprises investing in communication technologies, and constructs a portfolio optimization model which considers the expected returns, investment risks, and replacement costs, in order to achieve the dual goals of maximizing the net investment income of backward enterprises and minimizing the expected investment risk. Through numerical experimental analysis, the optimal investment portfolio strategy under different risk levels and the impact of different risk levels on the net income of lagging company are obtained. The research results show that due to the backward research in the first stage of the backward enterprises, when their own investment decision-making power is relatively high, they can focus on the development of self-interested key technology areas in order to achieve the victory of the patent race.

The study aims to identify the effectiveness of social responsibility programs. More specifically, it seeks to identify the extent to which health institutions use social responsibility programs and to clarify the extent to which social responsibility programs succeed in achieving the goals of health institutions. The study sought to provide answers to the following questions: To what extent do health institutions use social responsibility programs? To what extent have social responsibility programs succeeded in achieving the goals of health institutions? The study used the descriptive analytical method, relying on the survey method. The study concluded with many results, the most important of which were the following: the effectiveness of social responsibility programs in marketing health services at the educational and age levels and the role of social media in marketing health services. The study recommended the necessity of providing an awareness dimension to marketing health services, with increasing training opportunities for workers in public relations departments in hospitals and health institutions to market health services, in addition to the necessity of conducting relevant research, studies, and surveys. Identify the activities that will help those working in the public relations department in health facilities with regard to identifying basic and influential needs and activities in directing successful health campaigns.