Protein- and peptide-based medications are recognized for their effectiveness and lower toxicity compared to chemical-based drugs, making them promising therapeutic agents. However, their application has been limited by numerous delivery challenges. Polymeric nanostructures have emerged as effective tools for protein delivery due to their versatility and customizability. Polymers’ inherent adaptability makes them ideal for meeting the specific demands of protein-delivery systems. Various strategies have been employed, such as enzyme inhibitors, absorption enhancers, mucoadhesive polymers, and chemical modifications of proteins or peptides. This study explores the hurdles associated with protein and peptide transport, the use of polymeric nanocarriers (both natural and synthetic) to overcome these challenges, and the techniques for fabricating and characterizing nanoparticles.

In higher eukaryotes, the genes’ architecture has become an essential determinant of the variation in the number of transcripts (expression level) and the specificity of gene expression in plant tissue under stress conditions. The modern rise in genome-wide analysis accounts for summarizing the essential factors through the translocation of gene networks in a regulatory manner. Stress tolerance genes are in two groups: structural genes, which code for proteins and enzymes that directly protect cells from stress (such as genes for transporters, osmo-protectants, detoxifying enzymes, etc.), and the genes expressed in regulation and signal transduction (such as transcriptional factors (TFs) and protein kinases). The genetic regulation and protein activity arising from plants’ interaction with minerals and abiotic and biotic stresses utilize high-efficiency molecular profiling. Collecting gene expression data concerning gene regulation in plants towards focus predicts an acceptable model for efficient genomic tools. Thus, this review brings insights into modifying the expression study, providing a valuable source for assisting the involvement of genes in plant growth and metabolism-generating gene databases. The manuscript significantly contributes to understanding gene expression and regulation in plants, particularly under stress conditions. Its insights into stress tolerance mechanisms have substantial implications for crop improvement, making it highly relevant and valuable to the field.

Alfalfa is considered the most used forage crop in the world, its main use is for cattle feeding, due to its high nutritional value, specifically in protein and digestible fiber. Currently, the trend in agriculture is to reduce the application of chemicals and among them are fertilizers that pollute soil and water, so the adoption of new technologies and other not so new is becoming a good habit among farmers. Nanotechnology in the plant system allows the development of new fertilizers to improve agricultural productivity and the release of mineral nutrients in nanoforms, which has a wide variety of benefits, including the timing and direct release of nutrients, as well as synchronizing or specifying the environmental response. Biofertilizers are important components of integrated nutrient management and play a key role in soil productivity and sustainability. While protecting the environment, they are a cost-effective, environmentally friendly and renewable source of plant nutrients to supplement chemical fertilizers in the sustainable agricultural system. Nanotechnology and biofertilization allow in a practical way the reduction in the application of chemicals, contributing to the sustainability of agriculture, so this work aims to review the relevant results on biofertilization, the use of nanotechnology and the evaluation of the nutritional composition of alfalfa when grown with the application of biofertilizers.

This study adapts traditional service blueprint methodologies for technology-driven coopetition networks, where companies simultaneously collaborate and compete. Integrating insights from service science, we developed an enhanced service blueprint framework with three key components: the cyber frontstage Lane for digital interactions, the physical backstage Lane for physical operations, and the support stage lane for supporting processes. Empirical validation in the Portuguese stone sector demonstrated the framework’s effectiveness in identifying network dysfunctions and its ease of use for industry professionals. Feedback highlights its relevance in capturing the complexities of modern digital coopetition and managing interactions and resources. This research underscores the necessity of updating service blueprint methods to optimize service delivery and value co-creation in digitally evolving sectors.