Countries employ various strategies to strengthen their soft power through education, public campaigns, mandatory service, and community involvement, essential for building a well-informed, prepared, and resilient citizenry. In Indonesia, the Civic Awareness for State Defence (CASD) program is designed to instil state defence awareness among citizens. This study introduces the Indonesia State Defence Index (SDI), a novel metric grounded in theoretical constructs such as national identity, nationalism, patriotism, and national pride. Differentiating from previous indices, our SDI employs advanced methodologies including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to enhance measurement accuracy. Unlike earlier approaches that used traditional aggregation methods, our use of PCA ensures the reduction of dimensions for each state defence indicator, thereby guaranteeing that only the intended dimensions are measured. Utilising data from the State Defence Survey conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Defence from 1 March to 26 June 2024, we aim to measure and benchmark SDI values across Indonesian regions, thereby elucidating the civic awareness profile in the context of state defence. The refined SDI provides critical insights for policymakers, highlighting regions that require focused interventions to bolster state defence preparedness.

This study investigates the impact of tourism and institutional quality on environmental preservation, utilizing principal component analysis to generate three composite indices of environmental sustainability for 134 countries from 2002 to 2020. The results reveal that environmental sustainability indices have generally improved in lower- and middle-income nations but have declined in certain high-income countries. The findings also underscore the critical role of institutional quality—particularly regulatory standards, government effectiveness, anti-corruption efforts, and adherence to legal frameworks—in promoting environmental sustainability. However, the study shows that both domestic and international tourism expenditures can have adverse effects on environmental sustainability. Notably, these negative effects are exacerbated in countries with well-developed institutions, which is an unexpected outcome. This highlights the need for careful, thoughtful policymaking to ensure that the tourism sector supports sustainable development, rather than undermining environmental objectives.

This journal article aims to analyze the relationship between school culture and effective headteacher educational leadership, and how this relationship affects school performance and student learning outcomes. We will explore this important issue in depth and provide institutions and principals with practical advice on how to understand and use school culture to enhance the educational leadership of principals.

The purpose of this article is to determine the equitability of airport and university allocations throughout Ethiopian regional states based on the number of airports and institutions per 1 million people. According to the sample, the majority of respondents believed that university allocation in Ethiopia is equitable. In contrast, the majority of respondents who were asked about airports stated that there is an uneven distribution of airports across Ethiopia’s regional states. Hence, both interviewees and focus group discussants stated that there is a lack of equitable distribution of universities and airports across Ethiopia’s regional states. This paper contributes a lesson on how to create a comprehensive set of determining factors for equitable infrastructure allocation. It also provides a methodological improvement for assessing infrastructure equity and other broader implications across Ethiopian regional states.

The H3N2 influenza virus is spiking dramatically, which is a major concern worldwide and in India. The multifunctional hetero-trimer influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is involved in the generation of viral mRNA and is crucial for viral infectivity, which is directly related to the virus’s ability to survive. The goal of the current work was to use molecular docking to determine how the RdRP protein might be affected by powerful bioactive chemicals found in Calotropis gigantia latex. By applying CB-dock 2 analysis and 2D interactions, an in-silico docking study was conducted using a GC-FID (gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection) based composition profile. Tocospiro A (15%), Amyrin (7%), and Gombasterol A were found by GC-FID to be the main phytocompounds in the latex of Calotropis gigantia. The docking result showed that ligands were effectively bound to RdRP. According to interaction studies, RdRP/ligand complexes create hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, pi-alkyl bonds, alkyl bonds, and pi-Sigma bonds. Therefore, it was suggested that Calotropis gigantia latex may represent a possible herbal remedy to attenuate H3N2 infections based on the above findings of the fragrance profile and docking.

Foodborne diseases are a global health problem. Every year, millions of people die worldwide from these diseases. It has been determined that the high prevalence of these diseases is related to unfavorable socioeconomic conditions of the population. In this study, the relationship between foodborne diseases and socioeconomic conditions of the population was determined using principal component analysis as a multivariate statistical analysis technique. In this study, the socioeconomic variables of each Ecuador province and the prevalence of foodborne diseases (hepatitis A, salmonella, shigellosis and typhoid fever) during the years 2018 and 2019 were considered. The results show the relationship between foodborne diseases and the socioeconomic conditions of the population, as well as identifying regions more vulnerable to present high levels of prevalence of foodborne diseases, thus facilitating the implementation of social investment programs to reduce the prevalence of these diseases.