Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, and energy storage systems, offer many benefits, including increased energy efficiency, sustainability, and grid reliability. However, their integration into the smart grid also introduces new vulnerabilities to cyber threats. The smart grid is becoming more digitalized, with advanced technologies like Internet of Things (IoT) devices, communication networks, and automation systems that enable the integration of DER systems. While this enhances grid efficiency and control, it creates more entry points for attackers and thus expands the attack surface for potential cyber threats. Protecting DERs from cyberattacks is crucial to maintaining the overall reliability, security, and privacy of the smart grid. The adopted cybersecurity strategies should not only address current threats but also anticipate future dangers. This requires ongoing risk assessments, staying updated on emerging threats, and being prepared to adapt cybersecurity measures accordingly. This paper highlights some critical points regarding the importance of cybersecurity for Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and the evolving landscape of the smart grid. This research study shows that there is need for a proactive and adaptable cybersecurity approach that encompasses prevention, detection, response, and recovery to safeguard these critical energy systems against cyber threats, both today and in the future. This work serves as a valuable tool in enhancing the cybersecurity posture of utilities and grid-connected DER owners and operators. It allows them to make informed decisions, protect critical infrastructure, and ensure the reliability and security of grid-connected DER systems in an evolving energy landscape.

This paper highlights the opportunities as well as challenges posed for Bangladesh by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of China. BRI is being considered as the most expensive project ever initiated connecting more than half of the world population from Asia, Europe and Africa. For writing this paper, the authors utilized published sources such as journal articles, newspaper articles and web-based information published from 2013 to 2024. The article proposes that although the involvement of Bangladesh in the BRI is not absolutely free of challenges, it can serve the ultimate national interest through greater connectivity with other countries, increased volume of trade and economic activities and socio-cultural exchange. Although, as the originator and major contributor of the BRI, China will be the principal benefiter, other partner countries can also attain considerable benefits out of this historical mega scheme through the application of appropriate vision and strategic implementation. This paper has highlighted those benefits/opportunities and challenges for Bangladesh that can be beneficial for upcoming research projects particularity aimed at development studies, political economy and international relations. On the other hand, based on the arguments made on this paper, policymakers and businessmen can formulate their best policies as well as trading strategies with mutual benefits for all the stakeholders involved.

In the era of rapid information technology development, artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) technologies have gradually infiltrated the field of university English teaching, brought significant applications and impacted to English language learning in listening, speaking, writing, translation, and personalized learning. AI plays a vital role as an auxiliary teaching method in university English instruction, and the integration of VR technology further enhances teaching efficiency. This research will propose relevant recommendations to provide theoretical references for university English education in the age of AI, while also offering insights and guidance to educators in the education industry during the informatization reform of education.

Hybrid nanofluids have several potential applications in various industries, including electronics cooling, automotive cooling systems, aerospace engineering, and biomedical applications. The primary goal of the study is to provide more information about the characteristics of a steady and incompressible stream of a hybrid nanofluid flowing over a thin, inclined needle. This fluid consists of two types of nanoparticles: non-magnetic nanoparticles (aluminium oxide) and magnetic nanoparticles (ferrous oxide). The base fluid for this nanofluid is a mixture of water and ethylene glycol in a 50:50 ratio. The effects of inclined magnetic fields and joule heating on the hybrid nanofluid flow are considered. The Runge-Kutta fourth-order method is used to numerically solve the partial differential equations and governing equations, which are then converted into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. Natural convection refers to the fluid flow that arises due to buoyancy forces caused by temperature differences in a fluid. In the context of an inclined needle, the shape and orientation of the needle have significantly affected the flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics of the nanofluid. These analyses protest that raising the magnetic parameter results in an increase in the hybrid nanofluid thermal profile under slip circumstances. Utilizing the potential of hybrid nanofluids in a variety of technical applications, such as energy systems, biomedicine, and thermal management, requires an understanding of and ability to manipulate these effects.

Google Earth images in the Marche Region of Central Italy revealed a circular structure consisting of a ring system made up of concentric hills and valleys. Cartography, DEM, geological, and available geophysical data were used to constrain the possible origin of the structure. Located in the Messinian foredeep deposits of the Central Apennines, it has a rim diameter of 3.75 km and a central uplift connected to its southernmost part. As it was formed in the clays of the Lower Pliocene, and clays are believed to have emerged definitively after the Upper Pliocene, its age might be constrained to the Lower Pleistocene. Similar concentric structures are usually found in impact craters, sedimentary domes, and volcanic landforms. As salt domes and magmatic activity are not found in this region, this study seeks to validate the results of previous work that it was the result of an ancient impact crater of hydrological, brachyanticline, or clayey diapiric origins. Specifically, an observed second ring portion with a curvature radius about double the first in size will be investigated in this work. This second ring portion appears to be concentric to the first one and is visible along its northern and western parts. Although double concentric rings are usually due to impact craters, the absence of the ring portion in the other two directions and the probable deviation of a river, deduced by studying hydrography, support the hypothesis that it might be of clay diapir origin.