Macao’s Continuing Education Development and Improvement Program aims to create lifelong learning conditions for Macao residents who have reached the age of 15 and encourage them to pursue continuing education or obtain certification to improve their personal qualities. This paper analyzes the entire implementation process of the Continuing Education Development and Improvement Program in Macao, using the traditional means of policy analysis from three perspectives. For the government, successful implementation ensures the quality of continuing education and promotes the building of a learning society in Macao. For educational institutions, this program provides residents with multiple learning pathways to meet diversified needs. For residents, it alleviates the cost pressure caused by education and promotes individual development in various aspects. However, there are still some problems in the subsequent implementation process that need to be improved, such as unclear positioning, inadequate administrative supervision mechanisms, and a weak guarantee of curriculum quality.

The Primary and secondary shadow education refers to a kind of unofficial education that exists outside the traditional mainstream primary and secondary education system in China, with both commercial and educational attributes. As the primary and secondary school stage is an important key stage for further education, existing research mainly focuses on the spatial distribution of primary and secondary school basic education facilities and non-subject training, with fewer studies targeting primary and secondary school subject tutoring shadow education. With the changes in China’s education industry and the introduction of the Double Reduction Policy, there is an urgent need to conduct in-depth research on the spatial aggregation characteristics and influencing factors of Shadow Education Enterprises for primary and secondary school students. This paper takes the main urban area of Zhengzhou City as the study area, and takes primary and secondary school Shadow Education Enterprises as the research object, and applies spatial analysis methods such as kernel density, nearest-neighbor index, and geographic detector to quantitatively analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of primary and secondary school shadow education tutoring enterprises in Zhengzhou City and the factors affecting them The results show that: 1) The overall spatial pattern of primary and secondary school tutoring Shadow Education Enterprises in the main urban area of Zhengzhou City has largely formed a core-edge structural feature that spreads from the urban center to the periphery, and presents the spatial agglomeration feature of “double nuclei many times” distributed along both sides of the Beijing-Guangzhou Line. 2) The distribution of mentoring Shadow Education Enterprises in the main urban area of Zhengzhou City in relation to provincial model primary and secondary schools is significant and there is a significant difference between the distribution around secondary schools and primary schools. 3) The spatial distribution of Shadow Education Enterprises in the main urban area of Zhengzhou City is mainly influenced by factors such as the size of the school-age population, the level of commercial development, the location of school buildings and the accessibility of transport.

Background: Traditional education in neurosurgery primarily relies on observation, giving residents and interns limited opportunities for clinical practice. However, the development of 3D printing has the potential to improve this situation. Based on bibliometrics, we analyze the application of 3D printing technology in neurosurgery medical education and surgical training. Methods: We searched the publications in this field in Web of Science core collection database from September 2000 to September 2023. VOS viewer, Citespace and Microsoft Office Excel were used to visually analyze and draw knowledge graphs. Results: A total of 231 articles and reviews were included. The United States is the country with the largest volume of articles and Mayo Clinic is the leading organization in this field. Partnership between countries, authors and institutions is also presented. World Neurosurgery is the journal with the highest number of publications. The top three key words by occurrence rate are “3D printing”, “surgery” and “simulation”. Conclusions: In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the research in this field. According to bibliometric analysis, “accuracy” and “surgery simulation” are the research focuses in this field, while “augment reality” is the potential research target.

Online community facilitates firm-consumer and consumer-consumer interactions for value co-creation. This study explores the relationship between social capital of online community users and community value co-creation in the context of the Xiaomi community. In the study, the forms of value co-creation are differentiated into two forms: initiated value co-creation and participatory value co-creation, and the effects of different types of online community users’ social capital on the forms of value co-creation in which they participate are empirically examined, and the results find that: structural capital has a significant positive effect on initiated value co-creation, while the effect on participatory value co-creation is insignificant; cognitive capital has a significant positive effect on both initiated value co-creation and participatory value co-creation; and cognitive capital has a significant positive effect on both initiated value co-creation and participatory value co-creation. In this context, the present study contributes to a deeper comprehension of the interplay between social capital and models of value co-creation.

Professional identity among faculty members in private higher education institutions plays a vital role in shaping the quality and sustainability of these institutions. This research aims to investigate the factors influencing the professional identity of teachers in Chengdu's private higher education institutions. The study employs a theoretical framework centered on "identification" with behavior intention, behavior attitude, and sense of belonging as fundamental dimensions. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys and analyzed using SPSS 23.0. The study hypothesizes that behavior intention, behavior attitude, and sense of belonging have a significant positive impact on professional identity among faculty members. Additionally, behavior attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are expected to have a significant positive influence on behavior intention, and subjective norms and perceived usefulness may positively affect sense of belonging. The results are expected to provide valuable insights for enhancing the professional satisfaction and educational quality of faculty in private higher education institutions.