considering the rate of the currency channel, this study aims to analyze the effect of government foreign debt on labour demand in Indonesia. The Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) is used to quantify the exchange rate, while estimates of the labour force participation rate characterize labour demand. this study expands upon the cobb-Douglass production function by including public debt as an integral element of the statistical model. The current study examines time series data from 1994 to 2022 and uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for estimation. in conclusion, the results suggest that an increase in government external debt would result in a decline in labour demand, especially during economic shock associated with an expansion of the government deficit. Moreover, the Real Effective Exchange Rate has a beneficial long-term impact on labour demand. enhancing the purchasing power and stimulating investment through the appreciation of the domestic currency against foreign currencies will consequently increase economic productivity.

The challenge of developing cadastral infrastructure in Africa is inextricably linked to the global issues of sustainable development. Indeed, in light of the constraints inherent to conventional cadastral systems, alternative systems developed through land regulation programmes (LRPs) are compelled to align with the tenets of sustainable development. A discursive study, conducted through a semisystematic literature review, enabled the selection of 53 documents on cadastral systems deployed in multiple countries across the African continent. A number of systems were identified and grouped into four categories: urban, rural, participatory and hybrid cadastral systems. These systems are developed on the basis of standards and sociotechnical approaches, including the LADM, STDM, and FFP, as well as innovative technologies such as blockchain. However, their sustainability is limited by the fact that they are not multipurpose cadastral systems. Consequently, there is an urgent need for studies to develop a global framework that will produce truly significant and sustainable results for all sections of society.

With the development of the times, the political party system with Chinese characteristics has shown a strong vitality, promoted the development of the world's political party system, and made important contributions to human political civilization. At present, the political party system with Chinese characteristics has far-reaching influence and its discourse is of greater significance. Strengthening the construction of its discourse system can enhance the self-confidence and confidence of the Chinese people, highlight the superiority of China's political party system, and also effectively curb the discourse hegemony of Western political party systems, so that China has a strong discourse in the international arena, promoting the development and growth of China and achieving long-term stable development. This paper is mainly based on the study of the construction of the theoretical discourse system of the political party system with Chinese characteristics in the new era to develop the discussion.

North Korea has been isolated from the international community because of high-intensity sanctions. Nonetheless, research on North Korea should continue so that we are prepared not for contingencies that may occur because of sudden political changes in that country, as occurred after the unification of Germany and dissolution of the Soviet Union, and also to cope with future risks and threats wisely. This study conducted a quantitative survey regarding “inter-Korean cooperation in science and technology,” targeting experts at the Korean government-funded research institutes. As a qualitative survey, focus group interviews (FGI) were conducted to gain insights into the possibilities, considerations, and procedures for inter-Korean cooperation in science and technology. This study is the first to conduct quantitative research on inter-Korean exchange and cooperation in science and technology and shows significant statistical results.

Scientific inquiry activities are the process of children finding, analyzing and solving problems. Children's real inquiry begins with the search for answers to questions, which is actually the process of seeking answers to the questions they are interested in with direct perception, personal experience and practical operation. At the same time, in the process of children's SI, teachers should effectively use the interactive strategies of grasping the generation of questions, using questions to promote inquiry and using questions to revitalize inquiry, so as to support and promote children's in-depth learning and inquiry.