This study’s primary objective is to determine the financial repercussions, including expenses, profits, and losses, that certain stakeholders in the Tuong-mango value chain face at various distribution stages. This was achieved through the utilisation of stakeholders cost-benefit value chain analysis. These individuals collectively contributed 849 sample observations to the dataset including 732 farmers, 10 cooperative, 32 collectors, 25 wholesalers, 30 retailers, 12 exporters and processors, and 08 grocery stores/fruit. The robust financial performance of the Tuong-mango value chain is attributable to its integrated economic efficiency, as evidenced by its over USD 1 billion in revenue and USD 98.2 million in net income. The marketing channels, specifically channels 1, 2, and 3, generate a total of USD 906.1 million in revenue, yielding a net profit of USD 81.9 million. The combined sales from domestic marketing channels 4 and 5 total USD 160 million, yielding a net profit of USD 16.2 million. The findings indicate that due to their limited scope and suboptimal grade 1, farmers are the most vulnerable link in the supply chain. This study proposes three strategies for augmenting quality, fostering technological advancement, and facilitating the spread of benefits. This study’s findings contribute to the existing literature on value chain analysis as it pertains to various tropical fruits and vegetables. The study provides empirical evidence supporting the utility of the value chain method in policy formulation.

The semi-arid is a climate characterized by precipitation that is. insufficient to maintain crops and where evaporation often exceeds rainfall. Vegetation is one of the most sensitive indicators of environmental changes understanding the patterns of biodiversity distribution and what influences them is a fundamental pre-requisite for effective conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity. In this study. our focus was on examining the vegetation diversity in the semi-arid region of Tebessa. which falls within the Eastern Saharan Atlas domain in North Africa’s semi-arid zone. Plants were sampled at 15 sites distributed across the study area. The quadrat method was used to conduct floral surveys. The sampling area of each sample was 100 square meters 10 m × 10 m (quadrat). Each quadrat was measured for species richness (number of species). abundance (number of individuals). and Richness generic (plant cover). Based on the floristic research. 48 species were found. classified into 21 families. with Asteraceae accounting for 34.69% of the species and Poaceae accounting for 14.28%.

Among major global threats to papaya cultivation, papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is the most challenging one. In the absence of any PRSV resistant commercial papaya cultivar, PRSV management is restricted to minimizing yield losses. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Pune has developed PRSV tolerant dioecious papaya lines, Pune Selection (PS)-1, PS-2, PS-3 and PS-5. Being dioecious these lines have limited acceptability among farmers. Gynodioecious population from these lines were developed and characterized. They are numbered PS-1-1, PS-2-1, PS-3-1 and PS-5-1. These lines were characterized against prevailing commercial gynodioecious cultivar, Red Lady, for five generations. The average plant height of PS-2-1 and PS-5-1 (183 cm) was more than Red Lady (158 cm), however, stem girth of all lines was lesser than Red Lady. The fruiting height of all lines was less than Red Lady (87 cm). Length of the fruiting column of all lines was more than Red Lady (37 cm), except in PS-1-1. Fruit yield of all lines was more than Red Lady (16 kg/plant). Intensity of PRSV infection in Red Lady (48%) was considerably more than all lines. These lines can be used for developing PRSV tolerant gynodioecious papaya variety.

The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is an electricity generation system that uses organic fluid instead of water in the low temperature range. The Organic Rankine cycle using zeotropic working fluids has wide application potential. In this study, data mining (DM) model is used for performance analysis of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) using zeotropik working fluids R417A and R422D. Various DM models, including Linear Regression (LR), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), M5 Rules, M5 Model Tree, Random Committee (RC), and Decision Tree (DT) models are used. The MLP model emerged as the most effective approach for predicting the thermal efficiency of both R417A and R422D. The MLP’s predicted results closely matched the actual results obtained from the thermodynamic model using Genetron software. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the thermal efficiency was exceptionally low, at 0.0002 for R417A and 0.0003 for R422D. Additionally, the R-squared (R²) values for thermal efficiency were very high, reaching 0.9999 for R417A and R422D. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the DM model for complex tasks like estimating ORC thermal efficiency. This approach empowers engineers with the ability to predict thermal efficiency in organic Rankine systems with high accuracy, speed, and ease.

The objective of this study is to examine the extent of awareness, intention, and behavior among university students in relation to green marketing. It is recognized that the present cohort of students, as well as future generations, will have a substantial impact on shaping the course of the world. The respondents for this study consisted of university students, and the collected data was subsequently analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 25 in order to test the stated hypothesis. University students exhibit a comprehensive understanding of green marketing and a conscious inclination toward embracing favorable intentions and behaviors in relation to this domain. The results of this study suggest that there exists a statistically significant and positive correlation between individuals’ level of green awareness and their intention to participate in environmentally friendly consumer practices. Furthermore, it has been observed that the intention of consumers to engage in green practices has a noteworthy influence on their subsequent behavior in terms of adopting environmentally friendly behaviors. The findings obtained from studies on green marketing are of utmost importance in offering valuable guidance and orientation toward a future characterized by heightened environmental awareness and sustainability. The novelty of this study is to provide a lucid comprehension of students’ perceptions about green marketing. Several factors can potentially impact the intention and behavior of environmentally conscious consumers, including personal values, social norms, and economic factors. Additional research is necessary in order to obtain a more thorough comprehension of the complexity of these variables, and how they interact to impact consumer behavior.

Bangladesh’s coastal regions are rich in saline water resources. The majority of these resources are still not being used to their full potential. In the southern Bangladeshi region of Patuakhali, research was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching and drip irrigation on tomato yield, quality, and blossom-end rot (BER) at different soil salinity thresholds. There were four distinct treatments applied: T₁= drip irrigation with polythene mulch, T₂ = drip irrigation with straw mulch, T₃ = drip irrigation without mulch, and T₄ = standard procedure. While soil salinity was much greater in treatment T₃ (1.19–8.42 dS/m) fallowed by T₄ (1.23–8.63 dS/m), T1 treatments had the lowest level of salinity and the highest moisture retention during every development stage of the crops, ranging from 1.28–4.29 dS/m. Treatment T₃ exhibited the highest soil salinity levels (ranging from 1.19 to 8.42 dS/m), followed by T₄ with a range of 1.23 to 8.63 dS/m. In contrast, T₁ treatments consistently maintained the lowest salinity levels (ranging from 1.28 to 4.29 dS/m) and the highest moisture retention throughout all stages of crop development. In terms of yield, drip irrigation with no mulch treatment (T₃) provided the lowest output (13.37 t/ha), whereas polyethylene mulching treatment (T₁) produced the maximum yield (46.04 t/ha). According to the study, conserving moisture in tomato fields and reducing soil salinity may both be achieved with drip irrigation combined with polythene mulch. The research suggests that employing drip irrigation in conjunction with polythene mulch could effectively preserve moisture in tomato fields and concurrently decrease soil salinity.